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Related Concept Videos

X-ray Crystallography02:18

X-ray Crystallography

The size of the unit cell and the arrangement of atoms in a crystal may be determined from measurements of the diffraction of X-rays by the crystal, termed X-ray crystallography.
Diffraction
Diffraction is the change in the direction of travel experienced by an electromagnetic wave when it encounters a physical barrier whose dimensions are comparable to those of the wavelength of the light. X-rays are electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths about as long as the distance between neighboring...
X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples01:10

X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples

X-ray diffraction or XRD is an analytical tool that utilizes X-rays to study ordered structures such as crystalline organic and inorganic samples, polycrystalline materials, proteins, carbohydrates, and drugs.
According to Bragg's law, when X-rays strike the sample positioned on a stage, the rays are  scattered by the electron clouds around the sample atoms. The  X-ray diffraction or scattering is caused by constructive interference of the X-ray waves that reflect off the internal crystal...
Determination of Crystal Structures01:29

Determination of Crystal Structures

In the late 1800s, the revelation that light extended beyond visible wavelengths led to the discovery of X-rays by Wilhelm Roentgen. Recognized as high-energy electromagnetic radiation with short wavelengths, X-rays prompted exploration into their interaction with crystals. Max von Laue proposed in 1912 that the periodic arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules in crystals would cause them to diffract X-rays, a hypothesis confirmed through experiments with copper sulfate and zinc sulfide...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 8, 2026

In situ Grazing Incidence Small Angle X-ray Scattering on Roll-To-Roll Coating of Organic Solar Cells with Laboratory X-ray Instrumentation
06:49

In situ Grazing Incidence Small Angle X-ray Scattering on Roll-To-Roll Coating of Organic Solar Cells with Laboratory X-ray Instrumentation

Published on: March 2, 2021

Grazing incidence small angle X-ray scattering on colloidal crystals.

Patrick Huber1, Oliver Bunk, Ullrich Pietsch

  • 1Laboratory for Neutron Scattering, ETH Zurich and Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland.

The Journal of Physical Chemistry. B
|September 16, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Grazing incidence small-angle X-ray scattering revealed improved self-organization in multilayer colloidal crystals compared to monolayers. Multilayer samples show a preference for cubic stacking, indicating enhanced structural order.

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Last Updated: Jun 8, 2026

In situ Grazing Incidence Small Angle X-ray Scattering on Roll-To-Roll Coating of Organic Solar Cells with Laboratory X-ray Instrumentation
06:49

In situ Grazing Incidence Small Angle X-ray Scattering on Roll-To-Roll Coating of Organic Solar Cells with Laboratory X-ray Instrumentation

Published on: March 2, 2021

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Structural Studies of Macromolecules in Solution using Small Angle X-Ray Scattering
07:19

Structural Studies of Macromolecules in Solution using Small Angle X-Ray Scattering

Published on: November 5, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • X-ray Physics

Background:

  • Colloidal crystals are synthesized using convective self-assembly.
  • Characterizing their structure non-destructively is crucial for understanding self-organization.
  • Monolayers and multilayers exhibit different structural properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize colloidal crystals with varying numbers of layers.
  • To investigate the degree of self-organization in these structures.
  • To determine the stacking sequence in multilayer colloidal crystals.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing Grazing Incidence Small-Angle X-ray Scattering (GISAXS) for nondestructive analysis.
  • Fabricating colloidal crystals via convective self-assembly.
  • Employing a numerical model to fit X-ray scattering data and extract the stacking parameter 'a'.

Main Results:

  • Monolayers formed small crystallites with random orientation.
  • Multilayer samples exhibited larger colloidal domains with domains aligned along the growth direction.
  • A stacking parameter 'a' = 0.63 ± 0.01 indicated a preference for cubic stacking, deviating from random stacking (a = 0.5).

Conclusions:

  • Convective self-assembly leads to increased self-organization from monolayers to multilayers.
  • The stacking sequence in multilayer colloidal crystals favors cubic packing.
  • GISAXS provides a valuable tool for evaluating structural ordering in colloidal crystals.