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Related Concept Videos

Language Development01:22

Language Development

Children master language quickly and with relative ease, supported by both biological predisposition and reinforcement. B. F. Skinner (1957) proposed that language is learned through reinforcement, while Noam Chomsky (1965) argued that language acquisition mechanisms are biologically determined.
The critical period for language acquisition suggests that the ability to acquire language is at its peak early in life. As people age, this proficiency decreases. Language development begins very...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 8, 2026

Behavioral Assessment of Hearing in 2 to 4 Year-old Children: A Two-interval, Observer-based Procedure Using Conditioned Play-based Responses
14:05

Behavioral Assessment of Hearing in 2 to 4 Year-old Children: A Two-interval, Observer-based Procedure Using Conditioned Play-based Responses

Published on: January 23, 2017

Two-year-olds' phonological acquisition: Normative data.

Beth McIntosh1, Barbara J Dodd

  • 1University of Queensland, Australia.

International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology
|September 16, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Early phonological assessment in 2-year-olds using the Toddler Phonology Test (TPT) is possible. Qualitative analysis of speech errors, not just scores, predicts later phonological disorders.

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Behavioral Assessment of Hearing in 2 to 4 Year-old Children: A Two-interval, Observer-based Procedure Using Conditioned Play-based Responses
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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Psychology
  • Speech-Language Pathology
  • Linguistics

Background:

  • Early identification of speech difficulties is crucial for timely intervention.
  • Normative data for phonological development in toddlers is limited.
  • The Toddler Phonology Test (TPT) was developed to assess early phonological skills.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To establish normative data for phonology in 2-year-olds using the TPT.
  • To determine the feasibility of early identification of speech difficulties in toddlers.
  • To investigate the predictive value of phonological assessments for later speech disorder diagnosis.

Main Methods:

  • Sixty-two 2-year-old children were assessed using the Toddler Phonology Test (TPT).
  • Children produced 32 words, spontaneously or through imitation.
  • A subset of 10 children underwent re-assessment at age 3 using a different phonological assessment.

Main Results:

  • Older children performed better than younger children on quantitative measures.
  • Common phonological error patterns included cluster reduction, final consonant deletion, and fronting.
  • Qualitative analysis of atypical error types at age 2 predicted phonological disorder diagnosis at age 3, outperforming quantitative measures.

Conclusions:

  • Formal phonological assessment of 2-year-olds is feasible.
  • The type of phonological errors, rather than quantitative scores, is a key predictor of later speech disorder.
  • Early identification of phonological difficulties in toddlers is possible through careful analysis of error patterns.