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Related Concept Videos

Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age01:09

Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age

The upper and lower limb initially develops as a small bulge called a limb bud, which appears on the lateral side of the early embryo. The upper limb bud appears near the end of the fourth week of development, with the lower limb bud appearing shortly after.
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Intramembranous ossification is one of the two processes involved in the development of bones within an embryo. The flat bones of the face, most of the cranial bones, and the clavicles are formed via this process. During intramembranous ossification, the bones develop directly from sheets of undifferentiated mesenchymal connective tissue.
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Bone Formation by Endochondral Ossification

Bone formation, or ossification, begins around the sixth to seventh week of embryonic development. Most bones develop from a cartilaginous template through the process of endochondral ossification. Cartilage formation begins when clusters of mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondrocytes. These chondrocytes proliferate rapidly and secrete an extracellular matrix that becomes encased in a membrane called the perichondrium. The resulting cartilage model provides a template that resembles the...
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The femur is the body's longest and strongest bone spanning the thigh region. Its head articulates with the acetabulum of the hip bone to form the hip joint. A minor indentation on the medial side of the femoral head, called the fovea capitis, serves as the site of attachment for the ligament of the head of the femur. This weak ligament spans the femur and acetabulum and supports the hip joint. The narrowed region below the head is the neck of the femur. The inclination angle between the neck...
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Scanning Skeletal Remains for Bone Mineral Density in Forensic Contexts
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Bone acquisition during adolescence in athletes.

Kostas B Markou1, Anastasia Theodoropoulou, Athanasios Tsekouras

  • 1Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of Patras Medical School, University Hospital, Patras, Greece. markou@med.upatras.gr

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
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Summary

Childhood physical activity is crucial for bone mass development and osteoporosis prevention. While intense training can impact bone acquisition, the mechanical load benefits bone formation, leading to positive effects on bone mass.

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric endocrinology
  • Sports medicine
  • Bone biology

Background:

  • Bone mass (BM) and skeletal size are similar in prepubertal children but double by early adulthood.
  • Sex steroids drive skeletal maturation and sexual dimorphism post-puberty.
  • Childhood physical activity is vital for maximizing bone growth and preventing age-related osteoporosis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine the impact of physical activity and training on bone mass acquisition and skeletal development.
  • To understand the role of sex steroids in skeletal maturation and sexual dimorphism.
  • To evaluate the long-term effects of athletic training on bone health.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on bone mass development, puberty, and physical activity in children and athletes.
  • Analysis of the effects of high-impact loading versus lean somatotype sports on bone health.
  • Examination of the interplay between training intensity, duration, and bone acquisition.

Main Results:

  • High-impact activities in athletes are associated with improved bone mass.
  • Sports requiring a lean somatotype can lead to delayed skeletal maturation, increasing risks of osteopenia and osteoporosis.
  • Despite potential attenuation of bone acquisition from early/intensive training, excess mechanical load offers a net positive effect on bone formation and bone mass.

Conclusions:

  • Physical activity in childhood is a cornerstone for achieving peak bone mass and mitigating future osteoporosis risk.
  • Athletic training, particularly high-impact activities, can positively influence bone mass accrual.
  • Careful consideration of training demands is necessary for athletes in lean-requiring sports to balance performance with skeletal health.