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Related Concept Videos

Reliability and Validity01:29

Reliability and Validity

Reliability and validity are two important considerations that must be made with any type of data collection. Reliability refers to the ability to consistently produce a given result. In the context of psychological research, this would mean that any instruments or tools used to collect data do so in consistent, reproducible ways.
Sources of Self-Esteem II: Performance Feedback01:24

Sources of Self-Esteem II: Performance Feedback

Self-esteem is intricately tied to our perception of competence and our ability to exert control over our lives. One of the primary sources of this perception is performance feedback — the ongoing evaluation of our actions in terms of success and failure. According to Franks and Marolla (1976), people derive self-worth from experiencing themselves as causal agents, capable of achieving goals and overcoming obstacles. This process nurtures a critical component of self-esteem: self-efficacy,...
Self-Evaluation Maintenance Model01:29

Self-Evaluation Maintenance Model

The Self-Evaluation Maintenance (SEM) model offers a psychological framework to understand how individuals’ self-esteem is influenced by the achievements of others, particularly those with whom they share close personal bonds. The SEM model operates when personal rather than social identity guides individuals. Central to this model is the notion that individuals have an inherent desire to preserve a favorable self-image, which is continuously shaped by interpersonal comparisons and...
Systematic Error: Methodological and Sampling Errors01:15

Systematic Error: Methodological and Sampling Errors

In the case of systematic errors, the sources can be identified, and the errors can be subsequently minimized by addressing these sources. According to the source, systematic errors can be divided into sampling, instrumental, methodological, and personal errors.
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Self-Evaluation: Self-Enhancement and Self-Verification03:00

Self-Evaluation: Self-Enhancement and Self-Verification

Social psychologists have documented that feeling good about ourselves and maintaining positive self-esteem is a powerful motivator of human behavior (Tavris & Aronson, 2008). In the United States, members of the predominant culture typically think very highly of themselves and view themselves as good people who are above average on many desirable traits (Ehrlinger, Gilovich, & Ross, 2005). Often, our behavior, attitudes, and beliefs are affected when we experience a threat to our...
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Strategies of Self-Presentation II: Self-Verification

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 8, 2026

Qualitative and Quantitative Validation of Tools with Rating Scales Aimed at Assessing the Quality of University Service-Learning
10:39

Qualitative and Quantitative Validation of Tools with Rating Scales Aimed at Assessing the Quality of University Service-Learning

Published on: August 29, 2025

Republished paper: Assuring validity of multisource feedback in a national programme.

Julian Archer1, Mary McGraw, Helena Davies

  • 1Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Plymouth, UK. julian.archer@pms.ac.uk

Postgraduate Medical Journal
|September 16, 2010
PubMed
Summary

The Sheffield Peer Review Assessment Tool (SPRAT) shows validity in assessing paediatric trainees, but leniency bias and assessor seniority impact results. Unregulated assessor selection must cease for reliable multisource feedback.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 8, 2026

Qualitative and Quantitative Validation of Tools with Rating Scales Aimed at Assessing the Quality of University Service-Learning
10:39

Qualitative and Quantitative Validation of Tools with Rating Scales Aimed at Assessing the Quality of University Service-Learning

Published on: August 29, 2025

Area of Science:

  • Medical Education
  • Healthcare Professional Assessment
  • Paediatric Training

Background:

  • Workplace-based assessments are crucial for medical training.
  • Multisource feedback (MSF) tools like SPRAT are used to evaluate trainees.
  • Ensuring the validity and reliability of assessment tools is paramount.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the validity and challenges of the Sheffield Peer Review Assessment Tool (SPRAT).
  • To assess SPRAT's utility within the UK's paediatric Specialist Registrar (SpR) training program.
  • To analyze factors influencing SPRAT's reliability and score variability.

Main Methods:

  • A quality assurance analysis of a multisource feedback questionnaire study.
  • Data collected from 577 paediatric SpRs across UK Deaneries (2005-2006).
  • Statistical analysis included t-tests, factor analysis, and generalisability theory.

Main Results:

  • 4770 SPRAT assessments revealed significant differences in mean scores between Year 2 and Year 4 SpRs.
  • Factor analysis identified two key traits: clinical care and psychosocial skills.
  • Assessor seniority influenced scores, with consultants marking lower and junior doctors marking higher.

Conclusions:

  • Multisource feedback effectively assesses clinical care and psychosocial skills.
  • Validity of MSF is compromised by leniency bias and assessor seniority.
  • The practice of unregulated self-selection of assessors requires discontinuation.