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Cranial and Spinal Meninges01:19

Cranial and Spinal Meninges

The cranial and spinal meninges are complex protective structures surrounding the central nervous system (CNS), consisting of the brain and spinal cord. These meninges consist of the dura mater, the arachnoid mater, and the pia mater. They protect the CNS, provide structural support, and aid in circulating cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
Cranial Meninges
These meningeal layers cover the cranium. The dura mater is the outermost layer of cranial meninges. It is a thick and durable membrane of dense...
Viral Meningitis01:18

Viral Meningitis

Viral meningitis is the most common form of meningitis and is often referred to as aseptic meningitis to indicate the absence of bacterial involvement. It is generally milder than bacterial meningitis, with symptoms including fever, headache, stiff neck, drowsiness, nausea, photophobia, and vomiting. Rarely, more severe manifestations or death may occur. Common causative agents include enteroviruses, particularly coxsackie A and B viruses and echoviruses, all members of the Enterovirus genus...
Bacterial Meningitis I: Introduction01:22

Bacterial Meningitis I: Introduction

Bacterial meningitis is a severe, life-threatening inflammation of the meninges, particularly the pia mater and arachnoid mater, affecting the subarachnoid space, ventricles, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). If untreated, it can lead to significant neurological complications or death.Causative AgentsCommon pathogens vary with age and immune status. In adults, major organisms include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Haemophilus influenzae. Streptococcus agalactiae (group B...
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Cryptococcal Meningitis

Cryptococcal meningitis is a life-threatening opportunistic infection predominantly associated with HIV/AIDS, accounting for over 100,000 deaths annually worldwide. However, it also affects individuals with other forms of immunosuppression, including those undergoing immunosuppressive therapy, organ transplant recipients, patients with innate immunodeficiencies, and individuals with hematological disorders. The infection is caused mainly by Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii,...
Bacterial Meningitis01:24

Bacterial Meningitis

Bacterial meningitis is a severe infectious disease involving inflammation of the meninges, the protective membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. It occurs when pathogenic bacteria cross the blood–brain barrier and enter the cerebrospinal fluid. Common causative organisms include Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae type b, Listeria monocytogenes, and Escherichia coli K1. The exact route of entry varies by pathogen and host condition.Routes of Entry...
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Bacterial Meningitis II: Pathophysiology

Bacterial meningitis typically begins when pathogens such as Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae colonize the nasopharynx and invade the bloodstream. This process is facilitated by bacterial virulence factors, such as polysaccharide capsules, which resist phagocytosis and complement-mediated killing. Less commonly, bacteria reach the central nervous system via contiguous spread from infections like otitis media or sinusitis, through congenital or acquired dural defects, or...

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Meningiomas.

Jeffrey Raizer1

  • 1Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, 710 North Lake Shore Drive, Abbott Hall, Room 1123, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA, jraizer@nmff.org.

Current Treatment Options in Neurology
|September 16, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Meningiomas, the most common brain tumors, are typically benign but can be atypical or malignant. Treatment options include surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy, with novel agents showing promise for resistant cases.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuro-oncology
  • Neurosurgery
  • Radiation Oncology

Background:

  • Meningiomas are the most common primary intracranial tumors.
  • They are typically benign, dural-based neoplasms with a female predilection.
  • Symptoms vary based on tumor location and size.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an overview of meningioma characteristics.
  • To discuss current and emerging treatment strategies.
  • To highlight areas of ongoing clinical research.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on meningioma epidemiology, pathology, and treatment.
  • Analysis of therapeutic outcomes for surgical resection, radiation therapy, and systemic chemotherapy.
  • Evaluation of novel therapeutic targets and agents.

Main Results:

  • Surgical resection is curative for many meningiomas, but complete removal may be limited by location.
  • Radiation therapy is effective for incompletely resected, inaccessible, or recurrent tumors.
  • Systemic chemotherapy, including hydroxyurea, offers modest success; novel agents targeting somatostatin or receptor tyrosine kinases show potential.

Conclusions:

  • Meningiomas require a multidisciplinary approach to treatment.
  • While surgery and radiation are mainstays, chemotherapy and targeted therapies are crucial for aggressive or recurrent disease.
  • Ongoing research focuses on improving outcomes for challenging meningioma cases.