Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Functional Brain Systems: Reticular Formation01:13

Functional Brain Systems: Reticular Formation

5.6K
The reticular formation is a complex network of gray and white matter located within the brainstem extending from the medulla to the midbrain.
Within the reticular formation, there are several distinct nuclei that can be classified into three broad categories. The Raphe nuclei are located along the midline of the brainstem. They are primarily known for their role in synthesizing and releasing serotonin, a neurotransmitter involved in regulating mood, appetite, sleep, and circadian rhythms. The...
5.6K
Neural Circuits01:25

Neural Circuits

3.1K
Neural circuits and neuronal pools are two of the main structures found in the nervous system. Neural circuits are networks of neurons that work together to carry out a specific task or process. They consist of interconnected neurons and glial cells, which provide structural and metabolic support.
Neuronal pools are collections of nerve cells with similar functions and interact through chemical and electrical signals. These pools include both interneurons (the central neural circuit nodes that...
3.1K
Brain Waves01:23

Brain Waves

4.5K
Brain waves are electrical signals generated by the neurons in the brain, which are regularly monitored to measure mental activities. Brain waves and their frequency ranges can be measured using an electroencephalogram or EEG. There are four main types of brain waves, each with distinct characteristics:
4.5K
Hierarchy of Motor Control01:18

Hierarchy of Motor Control

6.6K
The hierarchy of motor control refers to the different levels of organization and processing involved in controlling movement in the body. These levels range from higher cortical areas involved in planning and decision-making to lower spinal cord reflexes that respond automatically to external stimuli.
6.6K
Auditory Pathway01:15

Auditory Pathway

8.3K
Auditory pathways constitute the complex neural circuits responsible for transmitting and interpreting auditory information from the peripheral auditory system to the brain. Sound waves are initially captured by the outer ear, funneled through the ear canal, and reach the tympanic membrane (eardrum). These vibrations are transmitted via the middle ear's ossicles to the inner ear's cochlea.
When viewed cross-sectionally, the cochlea reveals the scala vestibuli and scala tympani flanking...
8.3K
Muscle Stimulation Frequency01:22

Muscle Stimulation Frequency

4.9K
The contraction strength of muscles is regulated by motor neurons, which modulate the frequency of action potentials dispatched to the motor units based on the body's requirements. This process of varying the muscle stimulation frequency allows muscles to contract with a force that is precisely tailored to the needs of the moment, whether lifting a feather or a heavy box.
Wave summation
At low firing rates, motor neurons induce individual twitch contractions in muscle fibers. These twitches...
4.9K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Addressing the Needs of Patients With Peripheral Artery Disease Through Cardiac Rehabilitation: A Survey of Australian Cardiac Rehabilitation Programs.

Heart, lung & circulation·2026
Same author

Habituation to Elevated Glucose Levels in Type 1 Diabetes: Function and Well-Being in Guideline-Based Versus Typical Glycemic Range.

Diabetes care·2026
Same author

Intersectional inequalities in somatic symptom severity: A trans-diagnostic MAIHDA analysis of SOMACROSS data.

Journal of psychosomatic research·2026
Same author

Strain and recovery activities over a week predict short-term changes in processing speed measured in everyday environments: A survey response-time study in workers from a large internet panel.

Neuropsychology·2026
Same author

Does today's workload predict tomorrow's stress, fatigue, and other strain states? Exploring directionality in daily dynamics.

Ergonomics·2026
Same author

Survivorship and Clinical Outcomes up to Six Years After Combined Patellofemoral and Unicondylar Knee Arthroplasty.

Arthroplasty today·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 9, 2026

Author Spotlight: Exploring Dynamic Neural Changes Associated with Religious Chanting
05:05

Author Spotlight: Exploring Dynamic Neural Changes Associated with Religious Chanting

Published on: May 31, 2024

1.4K

Exercise, music, and the brain: is there a central pattern generator?

Stefan Schneider1, Christopher D Askew, Thomas Abel

  • 1Institute of Movement and Neurosciences, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany. schneider@dshs-koeln.de

Journal of Sports Sciences
|September 17, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Running movements, heart rate, and even music share a dominant ~3 Hz frequency. This study suggests synchronizing exercise with music around this frequency may enhance mood and performance.

More Related Videos

Real-Time Proxy-Control of Re-Parameterized Peripheral Signals using a Close-Loop Interface
11:54

Real-Time Proxy-Control of Re-Parameterized Peripheral Signals using a Close-Loop Interface

Published on: May 8, 2021

5.2K
Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy of the Sensory and Motor Brain Regions with Simultaneous Kinematic and EMG Monitoring During Motor Tasks
11:31

Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy of the Sensory and Motor Brain Regions with Simultaneous Kinematic and EMG Monitoring During Motor Tasks

Published on: December 5, 2014

15.7K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Mar 9, 2026

Author Spotlight: Exploring Dynamic Neural Changes Associated with Religious Chanting
05:05

Author Spotlight: Exploring Dynamic Neural Changes Associated with Religious Chanting

Published on: May 31, 2024

1.4K
Real-Time Proxy-Control of Re-Parameterized Peripheral Signals using a Close-Loop Interface
11:54

Real-Time Proxy-Control of Re-Parameterized Peripheral Signals using a Close-Loop Interface

Published on: May 8, 2021

5.2K
Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy of the Sensory and Motor Brain Regions with Simultaneous Kinematic and EMG Monitoring During Motor Tasks
11:31

Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy of the Sensory and Motor Brain Regions with Simultaneous Kinematic and EMG Monitoring During Motor Tasks

Published on: December 5, 2014

15.7K

Area of Science:

  • Exercise Physiology
  • Neuroscience
  • Music Psychology

Background:

  • Locomotion, heart rate, and brain activity exhibit dominant frequencies around 3 Hz during exercise.
  • Music tempo is linked to mood and exercise performance.
  • The synchronization between intrinsic physiological oscillations and extrinsic musical stimuli is not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the synchronization between the dominant ~3 Hz running frequency and intrinsic/extrinsic frequencies.
  • To explore the relationship between exercise, music, and physiological responses.
  • To determine if a ~3 Hz frequency is pleasurable during exercise.

Main Methods:

  • Eighteen runners underwent accelerometer and electroencephalography (EEG) recordings during outdoor running sessions.
  • Longitudinal axis oscillations were measured using an accelerometer.
  • EEG delta activity (2-4 Hz) and music frequency spectra were analyzed.

Main Results:

  • Running exhibited a peak frequency of 2.7-2.8 Hz for vertical acceleration.
  • Similar oscillation patterns were observed in heart rate and preferred music.
  • Post-exercise EEG showed increased delta activity.

Conclusions:

  • A strong relationship likely exists between intrinsic and extrinsic oscillation patterns during exercise.
  • The ~3 Hz frequency appears dominant across physiological systems and is associated with pleasure in music choice.
  • Appropriate music selection during exercise may enhance performance and mood, aligning with previous findings.