Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Infectious Diseases and Their Occurrence

Infectious Diseases and Their Occurrence

Infectious diseases appear in populations through various transmission patterns, influenced by pathogen characteristics, population immunity, environmental conditions, and social behavior. Understanding these patterns is essential for effective public health surveillance and intervention. These categories—sporadic, outbreak, epidemic, pandemic, and endemic—help frame the nature and scope of disease events.Sporadic diseases occur irregularly and infrequently, without a predictable temporal or...

Influenza

Influenza

Influenza is an acute, highly communicable viral disease that affects the respiratory tract and is responsible for seasonal epidemics worldwide. Influenza A is the most prevalent type associated with widespread outbreaks and is subtyped based on two surface glycoproteins: hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N), as in H1N1. These glycoproteins are essential for viral infectivity, transmission, and immune recognition. Transmission occurs primarily through respiratory droplets and contaminated...

American Trypanosomiasis

American Trypanosomiasis

Chagas disease, or American trypanosomiasis, is a vector-borne parasitic infection caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, a flagellated protozoan (kinetoplastid) of the family Trypanosomatidae. The disease is endemic in Latin America, although cases are increasingly reported worldwide due to human migration. Transmission most commonly occurs when feces of infected triatomine bugs contaminate bite wounds or mucosal surfaces; additional routes include congenital, transfusional, transplant-related, and oral...

Poliomyelitis

Poliomyelitis

Poliomyelitis is caused by poliovirus, a small, non-enveloped, positive-sense RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family and Enterovirus genus. Transmission occurs primarily via the fecal-oral route, often through ingestion of contaminated water or food. The virus initially replicates in the oropharynx and intestinal mucosa, particularly in lymphoid tissues such as the tonsils, Peyer’s patches, and regional lymph nodes. Primary viremia follows, allowing dissemination throughout the body.In most...

Chickenpox

Chickenpox

Chickenpox is an acute, highly contagious disease caused by the varicella-zoster virus (VZV), a double-stranded DNA virus belonging to the Herpesviridae family. Its transmission occurs primarily through the inhalation of respiratory droplets or direct contact with vesicular fluid from skin lesions. The incubation period typically ranges from 10 to 21 days, during which the virus replicates and disseminates through sequential phases within the host. Although generally self-limiting in children,...

Amebiasis

Amebiasis

Entamoeba histolytica, a protozoan parasite, is responsible for intestinal and extraintestinal amebiasis. Though a significant proportion of infections remain asymptomatic, approximately 50 million individuals annually are estimated to present with clinical disease, resulting in up to 100,000 deaths globally. The disease burden is disproportionately high in regions with lower socioeconomic status, such as parts of India, Africa, Mexico, and Latin America.Etiology and TransmissionThe infective...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Adaptive multi-model ensembles for improved epidemic projections and decision support.

medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences·2026

Same author

Dengue and chikungunya virus transmission in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo.

medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences·2026

Same author

Estimating the Transmission Potential of Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Cholera Cases from Household Microbiological and Clinical Data.

The Journal of infectious diseases·2026

Same author

Long-term antibody dynamics challenge the paradigm of lifelong homotypic immunity to dengue virus.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2026

Same author

From wastewater analysis to public health action.

Science (New York, N.Y.)·2026

Same author

HIV Transmission in a Declining African Epidemic.

medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences·2026

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 8, 2026

Production of High-Titer Infectious Influenza Pseudotyped Particles with Envelope Glycoproteins from Highly Pathogenic H5N1 and Avian H7N9 Viruses

Production of High-Titer Infectious Influenza Pseudotyped Particles with Envelope Glycoproteins from Highly Pathogenic H5N1 and Avian H7N9 Viruses

Published on: January 15, 2020

H1N1pdm in the Americas.

Justin Lessler¹, Thais Dos Santos², Ximena Aguilera²

¹Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N Wolfe St. Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.

|September 18, 2010

Summary

The 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1pdm) virus showed seasonal transmission patterns in the Americas. Latitude was the strongest factor associated with H1N1pdm spread, suggesting climate and behavior influences.

Keywords:

influenza pandemic H1N1 reproductive number seasonality

More Related Videos

Preparation of Pseudo-Typed H5 Avian Influenza Viruses with Calcium Phosphate Transfection Method and Measurement of Antibody Neutralizing Activity

Preparation of Pseudo-Typed H5 Avian Influenza Viruses with Calcium Phosphate Transfection Method and Measurement of Antibody Neutralizing Activity

Published on: November 22, 2021

Nasal Wipes for Influenza A Virus Detection and Isolation from Swine

Nasal Wipes for Influenza A Virus Detection and Isolation from Swine

Published on: December 4, 2015

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 8, 2026

Production of High-Titer Infectious Influenza Pseudotyped Particles with Envelope Glycoproteins from Highly Pathogenic H5N1 and Avian H7N9 Viruses

Production of High-Titer Infectious Influenza Pseudotyped Particles with Envelope Glycoproteins from Highly Pathogenic H5N1 and Avian H7N9 Viruses

Published on: January 15, 2020

Preparation of Pseudo-Typed H5 Avian Influenza Viruses with Calcium Phosphate Transfection Method and Measurement of Antibody Neutralizing Activity

Preparation of Pseudo-Typed H5 Avian Influenza Viruses with Calcium Phosphate Transfection Method and Measurement of Antibody Neutralizing Activity

Published on: November 22, 2021

Nasal Wipes for Influenza A Virus Detection and Isolation from Swine

Nasal Wipes for Influenza A Virus Detection and Isolation from Swine

Published on: December 4, 2015

Area of Science:

Epidemiology
Virology
Public Health

Background:

The 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1pdm) virus emerged in late April 2009.
Confirmed cases were reported to the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) from April 26 to July 18, 2009.

Purpose of the Study:

To characterize the early spread of the H1N1 pandemic in the Americas.
To examine the variation in H1N1pdm transmission by season.

Main Methods:

Utilized PAHO member state reports from April 26 to July 18, 2009.
Estimated the reproductive number (R) for H1N1pdm in a sample of member states.
Assessed the association between R estimates and latitude, temperature, humidity, and population age structure.

Main Results:

Peak reproductive number estimates for H1N1pdm ranged from 1.3 to 2.1.
Reproductive number estimates were most strongly associated with latitude.
Latitude's association suggests a significant seasonal component to H1N1pdm transmission.

Conclusions:

The early spread of H1N1pdm in the Americas exhibited a strong seasonal component.
Latitude, likely as a proxy for seasonal climate and behavioral changes, was the primary driver of this seasonality.
The precise mechanisms underlying H1N1pdm seasonality require further investigation.