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Systemic lupus erythematosus: clinical presentations.

Paul P Smith1, Caroline Gordon

  • 1Rheumatology research Group, School of Immunity and Infection, University of Birmingham, Edgebaston, Birmingham, UK.

Autoimmunity Reviews
|September 21, 2010
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Summary

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complex autoimmune disease affecting women, particularly those of Afro-Caribbean and South Asian descent. Early diagnosis and monitoring are crucial for managing SLE, as infection and atherosclerosis are leading causes of mortality.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Rheumatology
  • Autoimmune Diseases

Background:

  • Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a multisystem autoimmune disease with a prevalence of 1 in 2000 adult women in the UK.
  • SLE disproportionately affects Afro-Caribbean and South Asian populations, presenting with increased frequency and severity.
  • The disease is characterized by unpredictable relapses and remissions, affecting nearly any organ system and occurring across a wide age range in both sexes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an overview of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).
  • To highlight key diagnostic and monitoring strategies for SLE.
  • To discuss the complications and prognosis associated with SLE.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on SLE epidemiology, clinical presentation, and management.
  • Discussion of diagnostic markers including autoantibodies (e.g., anti-dsDNA, anti-C1q).
  • Emphasis on clinical disease activity indices (e.g., BILAG) and serological markers (C3, C4) for monitoring.

Main Results:

  • SLE affects women predominantly, with higher incidence and severity in certain ethnic groups.
  • Distinguishing active lupus from chronic damage and co-existing infections is critical.
  • Autoantibodies play a significant role in SLE diagnosis and monitoring, with anti-C1q showing potential in predicting renal involvement.

Conclusions:

  • Effective management of SLE requires differentiating inflammatory/thrombotic activity from chronic damage and recognizing infection triggers.
  • Monitoring SLE disease activity and progression involves clinical indices and specific autoantibody levels.
  • Premature atherosclerosis and infection are the primary causes of mortality in SLE patients, underscoring the need for comprehensive care.