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Pulmonary Edema II: Pathophysiology

Pulmonary Edema II: Pathophysiology

Pulmonary edema is the accumulation of fluid in the interstitial and alveolar spaces of the lungs, impairing gas exchange and oxygen delivery. It may be cardiogenic or noncardiogenic, but both reduce oxygenation and lung compliance.Cardiogenic Pulmonary EdemaCardiogenic edema results from increased hydrostatic pressure in pulmonary capillaries, usually due to left ventricular dysfunction from myocardial infarction, heart failure, or valvular disease. Ineffective cardiac pumping causes blood to...

Pneumothorax II: Pathophysiology

Pneumothorax II: Pathophysiology

Pneumothorax means the presence of air in the pleural space — the thin potential gap between the visceral and parietal pleura. This condition disrupts the normal pressure balance that keeps the lungs inflated, leading to partial or complete collapse of the affected lung.Normal physiologyUnder normal conditions, the pleural space maintains a slightly negative intrapleural pressure, which keeps the lungs expanded against the chest wall. This negative pressure creates a delicate balance between...

Pneumothorax-II

Pneumothorax-II

Pneumothorax is a medical condition defined by the buildup of air in the pleural space between the lungs and the chest wall. This accumulation of air can lead to partial or complete lung collapse, resulting in a range of clinical manifestations. Understanding the clinical presentation and effective management strategies is crucial for healthcare professionals in providing timely and appropriate care to individuals with pneumothorax.
Clinical Manifestations:

Pulmonary Cycle: Exhalation

Pulmonary Cycle: Exhalation

In terms of human respiration, the act of expelling air, known as exhalation (or expiration), operates on the principle of pressure gradients. During expiration, the pressure within the lungs exceeds that of the surrounding atmosphere. Under normal conditions, quiet breathing involves passive exhalation and is free of muscular contractions. This is because the exhalation process is driven by the natural elastic recoil of the lungs and chest wall, both of which have an inherent tendency to...

Pneumothorax-I

Pneumothorax-I

A pneumothorax is a condition where air builds up in the space between the lung and the chest wall, causing the lung to collapse. This condition arises when air enters the space between the parietal and visceral pleura, disrupting the negative pressure essential for lung inflation. This can lead to a partial or complete collapse of the lung.
Pneumothorax can be even further classified as spontaneous, traumatic, and tension pneumothorax.

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease II: Emphysema

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease II: Emphysema

Emphysema, a major phenotype of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), is characterized by irreversible destruction of alveolar walls and permanent enlargement of distal airspaces. Unlike chronic bronchitis, which primarily affects the airways, emphysema predominantly involves the lung parenchyma, where structural damage leads to airflow limitation.PathophysiologyIt most commonly results from prolonged exposure to cigarette smoke and other toxic gases, particularly cigarette smoke.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 8, 2026

Normothermic Negative Pressure Ventilation Ex Situ Lung Perfusion: Evaluation of Lung Function and Metabolism

Normothermic Negative Pressure Ventilation Ex Situ Lung Perfusion: Evaluation of Lung Function and Metabolism

Published on: February 14, 2022

Recurrent negative pressure pulmonary edema.

Vikas Pathak¹, Iliana S Hurtado Rendon, Ronald L Ciubotaru

¹Department of General Internal Medicine, Marshfield Clinic, WI 54449, USA. drvikaspathak@gmail.com

Clinical Medicine & Research

|September 21, 2010

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study details the first reported case of recurrent negative pressure pulmonary edema (NPPE) in a single patient. NPPE is a rare but serious complication following tracheal extubation and general anesthesia.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 8, 2026

Normothermic Negative Pressure Ventilation Ex Situ Lung Perfusion: Evaluation of Lung Function and Metabolism

Normothermic Negative Pressure Ventilation Ex Situ Lung Perfusion: Evaluation of Lung Function and Metabolism

Published on: February 14, 2022

Area of Science:

Anesthesiology
Pulmonology
Critical Care Medicine

Background:

Negative pressure pulmonary edema (NPPE) is a rare, life-threatening complication (0.1%) following tracheal extubation.
It often occurs secondary to upper airway obstruction, commonly laryngospasm, during emergence from general anesthesia.

Observation:

A 34-year-old male developed NPPE with hypoxemia and pulmonary edema post-extubation after wrist surgery.
He reported a similar episode 10 years prior after surgery for gunshot wounds.

Findings:

The patient was diagnosed with recurrent NPPE, a phenomenon not previously documented in medical literature.
Prompt treatment with furosemide and oxygen led to rapid improvement.

Implications:

This case highlights the potential for recurrent NPPE in susceptible individuals.
Preventing and promptly managing upper airway obstruction may reduce the incidence of this complication.