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Related Concept Videos

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease II: Emphysema01:23

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease II: Emphysema

Emphysema, a major phenotype of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), is characterized by irreversible destruction of alveolar walls and permanent enlargement of distal airspaces. Unlike chronic bronchitis, which primarily affects the airways, emphysema predominantly involves the lung parenchyma, where structural damage leads to airflow limitation.PathophysiologyIt most commonly results from prolonged exposure to cigarette smoke and other toxic gases, particularly cigarette smoke.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease III: Chronic Bronchitis Features01:24

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease III: Chronic Bronchitis Features

Chronic bronchitis is a key phenotype of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), characterized by airway-centered inflammation and mucus overproduction. It develops from long-term exposure to harmful particles or gases, most commonly cigarette smoke, which triggers a persistent inflammatory response.Cellular and Structural ChangesInflammation initially affects the large bronchi and later the smaller airways, with infiltration by immune cells, including neutrophils, macrophages, and...
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease IV: Clinical Manifestations01:19

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease IV: Clinical Manifestations

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, or COPD, is a long-term condition marked by persistent and only partially reversible airflow limitation. It involves two overlapping conditions—chronic bronchitis and emphysema—which often co-appear but differ in dominant symptoms and underlying mechanisms.Chronic Bronchitis FeaturesChronic bronchitis presents with a persistent productive cough and thick, sometimes purulent mucus due to airway inflammation, enlarged mucus glands, and goblet cell...
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-II: Pathophysiology01:20

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-II: Pathophysiology

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) pathophysiology is intricate and multifaceted, involving a complex interplay of physiological processes. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for effectively managing and treating COPD. Here is an in-depth look at the critical elements in the pathophysiology of COPD:
Chronic Inflammation
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease I: Introduction01:23

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease I: Introduction

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a common, preventable, and treatable respiratory disorder characterized by persistent symptoms and progressive airflow limitation. This limitation results from a combination of small-airway disease (obstructive bronchiolitis) and parenchymal destruction (emphysema), both driven by chronic inflammation from exposure to harmful particles or gases.The disease includes two main pathological entities: emphysema, marked by destruction of alveolar walls and...
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease01:24

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

COPD is defined as a heterogeneous lung condition marked by persistent respiratory symptoms such as dyspnea, cough, and sputum production, caused by abnormalities in the airways that cause airflow obstruction.
Smoking is a primary risk factor for COPD, with over 80% of patients having a history of it. Patients typically experience progressive dyspnea or labored breathing, frequent coughing, and recurrent pulmonary infections. Many eventually succumb to respiratory failure, characterized by...

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Updated: Jun 8, 2026

Refined Murine Model of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis
07:51

Refined Murine Model of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis

Published on: June 17, 2025

Fibrosis with emphysema.

Joanne L Wright1, Henry D Tazelaar, Andrew Churg

  • 1Department of Pathology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada. jlwright@interchange.ubc.ca

Histopathology
|September 22, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Fibrosis with emphysema presents two distinct conditions: diffuse interstitial pneumonia co-occurring with emphysema, and localized fibrosis related to emphysema or respiratory bronchiolitis. Accurate pathological description is crucial for correct diagnosis and patient management.

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Imaging Features of Systemic Sclerosis-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease
04:44

Imaging Features of Systemic Sclerosis-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease

Published on: June 16, 2020

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Last Updated: Jun 8, 2026

Refined Murine Model of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis
07:51

Refined Murine Model of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis

Published on: June 17, 2025

Imaging Features of Systemic Sclerosis-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease
04:44

Imaging Features of Systemic Sclerosis-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease

Published on: June 16, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Pulmonary Pathology
  • Thoracic Medicine

Background:

  • Fibrosis co-occurring with emphysema is pathologically complex.
  • Two distinct scenarios complicate the understanding of fibrosis in emphysematous lungs.
  • Distinguishing between diffuse interstitial pneumonia and localized fibrotic changes is critical.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To clarify the two distinct pathological entities associated with fibrosis and emphysema.
  • To differentiate diffuse interstitial pneumonia from localized fibrotic changes in smokers.
  • To guide accurate histopathological description and diagnosis.

Main Methods:

  • Review of pathological findings in lung biopsies.
  • Correlation of histological features with clinical and radiological data.
  • Analysis of distinct morphological patterns in emphysematous lungs.

Main Results:

  • Two main scenarios identified: diffuse interstitial pneumonia (e.g., usual interstitial pneumonia) with emphysema, and localized fibrosis related to emphysema or respiratory bronchiolitis.
  • Diffuse interstitial pneumonia with emphysema impacts pulmonary function and hypertension, presenting unique biopsy appearances.
  • Localized fibrotic changes, often termed respiratory bronchiolitis-interstitial lung disease, rarely manifest significant interstitial lung disease features.

Conclusions:

  • Accurate differentiation between diffuse interstitial pneumonia and localized fibrotic changes in emphysematous lungs is essential.
  • Careful histopathological reporting is needed to avoid misdiagnosis of diffuse interstitial lung disease.
  • Radiological consultation aids in identifying co-existing lesions.