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Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview

Intravenous anesthetics are drugs administered parenterally to induce anesthesia or sedation. Propofol is a widely used agent formulated as a 1% emulsion in soybean oil, glycerol, and egg phosphatide. It induces rapid anesthesia primarily due to its rapid distribution from the bloodstream to target tissues and is metabolized in the liver. However, it can cause significant pain on injection and hypertriglyceridemia. Fospropofol, a water-based prodrug of propofol, lacks these adverse effects.

General Anesthesia: Overview

General Anesthesia: Overview

Anesthesia is a medical procedure that uses drugs for CNS suppression to enable painless surgeries and procedures. The selection of anesthetics is influenced by their pharmacokinetic properties, side effects, and patient characteristics. Various types of anesthesia include general, local, regional, spinal, and inhalational.
General anesthesia induces unconsciousness in the whole body, while the others target specific areas or sensations. It is administered to minimize adverse effects, maintain...

Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview

Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview

Inhalation anesthetics are drugs that induce general anesthesia upon inhalation. They work by increasing the sensitivity of GABAA receptors or inhibiting NMDA receptors, leading to a decrease in central nervous system activity. The depth of anesthesia can be rapidly adjusted by changing the concentration of the inhaled gas. Some common examples of inhalational anesthetics include volatile liquids like isoflurane, desflurane, sevoflurane and gases like xenon and nitrous oxide. Isoflurane, a...

Drug Delivery: Enteral Route

Drug Delivery: Enteral Route

The enteral drug administration involves three primary routes: oral, sublingual, and buccal. Oral ingestion is the most prevalent, safe, economical, and convenient method for drug administration. However, it has certain drawbacks, including limited absorption due to the drug's low water solubility or poor membrane permeability, possible emesis from GI mucosa irritation, destruction of drugs by digestive enzymes or low gastric pH, and irregular absorption along with food or other drugs.
Drugs in...

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia

Epidural anesthetics are administered in the fat-filled epidural space, the outermost part of the spinal canal. This technique is commonly employed for pain management and anesthesia during lower abdomen and pelvis surgeries or labor and delivery.
Since epidural anesthetics can be infused through an epidural catheter, all types of drugs, including short-acting ones, can be administered. Chloroprocaine and lidocaine are examples of short and long-duration anesthetics, respectively. Bupivacaine...

Local Anesthetics: Common Agents and Their Applications

Local Anesthetics: Common Agents and Their Applications

Local anesthetics (LAs) are commonly used for various applications in medical and dental procedures. Some of the common agents used are cocaine, lidocaine, and bupivacaine.
Cocaine is an ester of benzoic acid and methylecgogine. It is used to anesthetize and vasoconstrict locally. Currently, it is used primarily for topical applications. It is beneficial for surgeries on the upper respiratory tract, providing anesthesia and shrinking the mucosa. Cocaine in the form of cocaine hydrochloride is...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 8, 2026

Recording Brain Electromagnetic Activity During the Administration of the Gaseous Anesthetic Agents Xenon and Nitrous Oxide in Healthy Volunteers

Recording Brain Electromagnetic Activity During the Administration of the Gaseous Anesthetic Agents Xenon and Nitrous Oxide in Healthy Volunteers

Published on: January 13, 2018

[Oral contraceptive and anesthesia].

Ken Yamamoto¹

¹Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Kanazawa University Hospital, Kanazawa 920-8641.

Masui. the Japanese Journal of Anesthesiology

|September 23, 2010

Summary

Current oral contraceptive (OCs) use increases perioperative venous thromboembolism (VTE) risk fivefold. Newer desogestrel-containing OCs may pose a slightly greater VTE risk, warranting caution during surgery.

Area of Science:

Obstetrics and Gynecology
Thrombosis Research
Pharmacovigilance

Context:

Current oral contraceptives (OCs) are associated with a fivefold increase in perioperative venous thromboembolism (VTE) risk.
While the absolute VTE incidence is low, newer OCs containing desogestrel show a slightly elevated risk compared to older formulations.
International guidelines (WHO) and national regulations (Japan) offer differing recommendations on OC use during surgery.

Purpose:

To analyze the risk of perioperative venous thromboembolism (VTE) associated with current oral contraceptive (OC) use.
To compare the VTE risk between third-generation OCs (desogestrel) and older formulations.
To evaluate current guidelines and propose prudent recommendations for perioperative OC management.

Summary:

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 8, 2026

Recording Brain Electromagnetic Activity During the Administration of the Gaseous Anesthetic Agents Xenon and Nitrous Oxide in Healthy Volunteers

Recording Brain Electromagnetic Activity During the Administration of the Gaseous Anesthetic Agents Xenon and Nitrous Oxide in Healthy Volunteers

Published on: January 13, 2018

Perioperative venous thromboembolism (VTE) risk is significantly elevated in current oral contraceptive (OC) users.
Third-generation OCs containing desogestrel may present a marginally higher VTE risk than older OCs.
Discrepancies exist between WHO and Japanese guidelines regarding perioperative OC use, with Japan prohibiting use in all surgical cases.

Impact:

Highlights the need for careful consideration of OC use in the perioperative period, especially with newer formulations.
Informs clinical practice and policy-making regarding the management of oral contraceptives around surgical procedures.
Emphasizes the importance of updated guidelines to mitigate VTE risk in patients using oral contraceptives undergoing surgery.