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Related Concept Videos

Clinical Trials01:16

Clinical Trials

Clinical trials are prospective experimental studies conducted on humans to determine the safety and efficacy of treatments, drugs, diet methods, and medical devices. Using statistics in clinical trials enables researchers to derive reasonable and accurate conclusions from the collected data, allowing them to make wise decisions in uncertain situations. In medical research, statistical methods are crucial for preventing errors and bias.
There are four phases in a clinical trial. A phase one...
Clinical Trials: Overview01:11

Clinical Trials: Overview

Clinical development focuses on how the drug will interact with the human body and encompasses four key phases of clinical trials, each serving a specific purpose in assessing the safety and effectiveness of new drugs. These phases overlap and build upon one another. Phase I involves a small group of healthy volunteers (typically 20-80 individuals) or, in cases where significant toxicity is expected, patients with the targeted disease, such as cancer or AIDS. The volunteers are tested for...
Trial and Error and Algorithm01:12

Trial and Error and Algorithm

A problem-solving strategy is a plan of action used to find a solution. Different strategies have distinct action plans. Trial and error involves trying different solutions until one works. For instance, to fix a broken printer, you might check ink levels, ensure the paper tray isn't jammed, and verify the printer's connection to your laptop. This method can be time-consuming but is commonly used. Thomas Edison, for example, used trial and error to find a suitable filament for the light bulb,...
Blinding01:11

Blinding

Blinding is a commonly used method of not telling participants which treatment a subject is receiving. Blinding is a critical part of a randomized control trial or RCT. It reduces the bias that affects the results. In an RCT, blinding is used in the form of a placebo. A placebo effect occurs when untreated subjects falsely believe they have received the treatment and report improved symptoms. A placebo or a dummy treatment is administered to subjects to negate the bias caused by such an effect.
Blind Procedures02:07

Blind Procedures

Ideally, the people who observe and record the children’s behavior are unaware of who was assigned to the experimental or control group, in order to control for experimenter bias. Experimenter bias refers to the possibility that a researcher’s expectations might skew the results of the study. Remember, conducting an experiment requires a lot of planning, and the people involved in the research project have a vested interest in supporting their hypotheses. If the observers knew which child was...
Testing a Claim about Population Proportion01:24

Testing a Claim about Population Proportion

A complete procedure for testing a claim about a population proportion is provided here.
There are two methods of testing a claim about a population proportion: (1) Using the sample proportion from the data where a binomial distribution is approximated to the normal distribution and (2) Using the binomial probabilities calculated from the data.
The first method uses normal distribution as an approximation to the binomial distribution. The requirements are as follows: sample size is large...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 8, 2026

The Power of Interstimulus Interval for the Assessment of Temporal Processing in Rodents
10:27

The Power of Interstimulus Interval for the Assessment of Temporal Processing in Rodents

Published on: April 19, 2019

Trials in progress.

Piergiorgio Cao1, Paola De Rango, Enrico Cieri

  • 1U. O. C. Chirurgia Vascolare, Dipartimento di Cardioscienze, Azienda Ospedaliera S. Camillo-Forlanini, Roma, Italy. pcao@unipg.it

Perspectives in Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy
|September 23, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Carotid angioplasty and stenting (CAS) has not shown superiority over surgery in completed trials. Ongoing studies aim to clarify CAS benefits for asymptomatic patients and identify optimal patient subgroups for this procedure.

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Combining Multiple Data Acquisition Systems to Study Corticospinal Output and Multi-segment Biomechanics
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Combining Multiple Data Acquisition Systems to Study Corticospinal Output and Multi-segment Biomechanics
08:48

Combining Multiple Data Acquisition Systems to Study Corticospinal Output and Multi-segment Biomechanics

Published on: January 9, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Vascular Surgery
  • Interventional Cardiology
  • Neurology

Background:

  • Previous randomized clinical trials (RCTs) have not demonstrated an advantage of carotid angioplasty and stenting (CAS) over carotid endarterectomy.
  • Newer, larger RCTs with updated technology and credentialing are underway or have released interim data.
  • Carotid revascularization, when performed by highly qualified specialists, may be safe and effective.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the safety and efficacy of carotid angioplasty and stenting (CAS) compared to carotid surgery.
  • To clarify the benefit of CAS in asymptomatic patients versus medical therapy alone.
  • To identify specific patient subgroups who may benefit most from CAS.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of completed randomized clinical trials (RCTs) comparing carotid angioplasty and stenting (CAS) with carotid surgery.
  • Review of interim data and ongoing larger trials focusing on updated technology and credentialing for CAS.
  • Balancing the risks of stroke (more common with CAS) and myocardial infarction (more common with surgery).

Main Results:

  • Nine completed RCTs found no advantage of CAS over carotid surgery.
  • Interim data from ongoing trials suggest that while revascularization can be safe and effective, stroke risk is higher with CAS and myocardial infarction risk is higher with surgery.
  • The comparative benefits of CAS versus surgery and medical therapy alone, particularly in asymptomatic patients and specific risk subgroups, remain under investigation.

Conclusions:

  • Current evidence from completed trials does not support CAS over carotid surgery.
  • Risk stratification is crucial, balancing the likelihood of stroke after CAS against myocardial infarction after surgery.
  • Final results from ongoing RCTs are essential to guide clinical practice regarding the use of CAS, especially in asymptomatic patients and average-risk subgroups.