Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Uses of assistive technology incorporating smart camera features in the rehabilitation of people living with disabilities: a scoping review.

Disability and rehabilitation. Assistive technology·2026
Same author

An online brain-computer interface for detecting incongruity in augmented reality applications.

Journal of neural engineering·2026
Same author

Turning motor intentions into words: an MRCP-based BCI speller for motor-impaired users enhanced by task-specific calibration.

Journal of neural engineering·2026
Same author

Opposing cortical forces: Alpha slowing and sensorimotor mu acceleration during motor-related BCI training.

PLoS computational biology·2026
Same author

Toward the Automatic Detection of Vection in Virtual Reality Using EEG.

IEEE transactions on visualization and computer graphics·2026
Same author

Source localization of simulated neural signals in a cervical spinal cord model.

Journal of neural engineering·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 8, 2026

Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy of the Sensory and Motor Brain Regions with Simultaneous Kinematic and EMG Monitoring During Motor Tasks
11:31

Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy of the Sensory and Motor Brain Regions with Simultaneous Kinematic and EMG Monitoring During Motor Tasks

Published on: December 5, 2014

Temporal coding of brain patterns for direct limb control in humans.

Gernot R Müller-Putz1, Reinhold Scherer, Gert Pfurtscheller

  • 1Laboratory of Brain-Computer Interfaces, Institute for Knowledge Discovery, Graz University of Technology Graz, Austria.

Frontiers in Neuroscience
|September 23, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Brain-computer interfaces enable individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) to control neuroprosthetics. Temporal coding of motor imagery patterns using minimal EEG electrodes allowed control of a robotic arm, restoring upper extremity function.

Keywords:
brain–computer interfaceelectroencephalogrammotor imageryneuroprosthesisspinal cord injury

More Related Videos

Motor Imagery Brain-Computer Interface in Rehabilitation of Upper Limb Motor Dysfunction After Stroke
09:42

Motor Imagery Brain-Computer Interface in Rehabilitation of Upper Limb Motor Dysfunction After Stroke

Published on: September 1, 2023

Measuring and Manipulating Functionally Specific Neural Pathways in the Human Motor System with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
09:52

Measuring and Manipulating Functionally Specific Neural Pathways in the Human Motor System with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Published on: February 23, 2020

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 8, 2026

Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy of the Sensory and Motor Brain Regions with Simultaneous Kinematic and EMG Monitoring During Motor Tasks
11:31

Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy of the Sensory and Motor Brain Regions with Simultaneous Kinematic and EMG Monitoring During Motor Tasks

Published on: December 5, 2014

Motor Imagery Brain-Computer Interface in Rehabilitation of Upper Limb Motor Dysfunction After Stroke
09:42

Motor Imagery Brain-Computer Interface in Rehabilitation of Upper Limb Motor Dysfunction After Stroke

Published on: September 1, 2023

Measuring and Manipulating Functionally Specific Neural Pathways in the Human Motor System with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
09:52

Measuring and Manipulating Functionally Specific Neural Pathways in the Human Motor System with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Published on: February 23, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Rehabilitation Technology

Background:

  • High spinal cord injury (SCI) results in paralysis of both lower and upper extremities.
  • Restoring hand and arm function in tetraplegics is crucial for independence.
  • Conventional device controllers are difficult for individuals with SCI to operate.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the use of a brain-computer interface (BCI) for controlling a neuroprosthetic arm.
  • To determine if temporal coding of motor imagery patterns can control multiple degrees of freedom.
  • To assess the feasibility of using a minimal number of EEG electrodes.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized temporal coding of individual mental imagery patterns.
  • Employed a minimum number of electroencephalography (EEG) scalp electrodes.
  • Subjects underwent screening and online feedback experiments to control a robotic arm.

Main Results:

  • Four out of eight naïve subjects successfully controlled an artificial robotic arm.
  • Control was achieved by inducing a single motor imagery pattern from one EEG derivation.
  • The system enabled control of two independent degrees of freedom: grasp and elbow function.

Conclusions:

  • Temporal coding of motor imagery patterns is a viable BCI strategy for SCI individuals.
  • A minimal EEG setup can restore upper extremity function via neuroprosthetics.
  • BCIs offer a non-manual alternative for operating assistive devices, improving quality of life.