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Association Areas of the Cortex

Association Areas of the Cortex

Association areas are regions of the cerebral cortex that do not have a specific sensory or motor function. Instead, they integrate and interpret information from various sources to enable higher cognitive processes such as memory, learning, and decision-making. Some key association areas include the following:
Prefrontal Association Area: This area is located in the frontal lobe and is involved in planning, decision-making, and moderating social behavior. It connects with primary motor areas,...

Depth Perception and Spatial Vision

Depth Perception and Spatial Vision

Depth perception is the ability to perceive objects three-dimensionally. It relies on two types of cues: binocular and monocular. Binocular cues depend on the combination of images from both eyes and how the eyes work together. Since the eyes are in slightly different positions, each eye captures a slightly different image. This disparity between images, known as binocular disparity, helps the brain interpret depth. When the brain compares these images, it determines the distance to an object.

Lateralization

Lateralization

Brain lateralization refers to the division of mental processes and functions between the two hemispheres of the brain, a phenomenon that optimizes neural efficiency and underpins complex abilities in humans. This specialization allows each hemisphere to perform tasks where it has a comparative advantage, facilitating more refined cognitive capabilities across different domains.

Somatosensory, Motor, and Association Cortex

Somatosensory, Motor, and Association Cortex

The somatosensory cortex in the parietal lobes is crucial for interpreting sensory data such as touch, temperature, and proprioception. The somatosensory cortex, situated in the parietal lobes, plays a vital role in interpreting sensory information like touch, temperature, and proprioception—awareness of body position. This specialized brain region features an organized structure wherein neurons at the top primarily process sensations originating from the lower body. In contrast, those at the...

Parallel Processing

Parallel Processing

The brain processes sensory information rapidly due to parallel processing, which involves sending data across multiple neural pathways at the same time. This method allows the brain to manage various sensory qualities, such as shapes, colors, movements, and locations, all concurrently. For instance, when observing a forest landscape, the brain simultaneously processes the movement of leaves, the shapes of trees, the depth between them, and the various shades of green. This enables a quick and...

Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex

Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex

The cerebral cortex, the brain's outermost layer, is pivotal in processing complex cognitive tasks, emotions, and various sensory inputs and executing voluntary motor activities. This intricate structure is divided into three primary functional areas: the motor areas, sensory areas, and association areas.
Motor Areas
The motor areas located in the frontal lobe are central to controlling voluntary movements. This region is further subdivided into the primary motor cortex and the premotor cortex.

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Translational Brain Mapping at the University of Rochester Medical Center: Preserving the Mind Through Personalized Brain Mapping

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Published on: August 12, 2019

Surround suppression sharpens the priority map in the lateral intraparietal area.

Annegret L Falkner¹, B Suresh Krishna, Michael E Goldberg

¹Mahoney Center for Brain and Behavior, Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, and New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York 10032, USA. alf2111@columbia.edu

The Journal of Neuroscience : the Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience

|September 24, 2010

Summary

Neural activity in the lateral intraparietal area (LIP) shows strong suppression of distractors when planning eye movements. This finding supports the role of LIP in visual attention and competition for processing resources.

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Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Cognitive Neuroscience
Computational Neuroscience

Background:

Limited brain resources necessitate competition for processing visual stimuli.
Spatial priority maps are hypothesized to mediate this competition via suppressive interactions, but physiological evidence is lacking.
The lateral intraparietal area (LIP) is a candidate neural substrate for priority mapping.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the physiological existence and characteristics of suppressive interactions in the lateral intraparietal area (LIP).
To determine if LIP neurons exhibit suppression of irrelevant stimuli during saccade planning.
To explore how motivation influences distractor suppression and saccade goal representation in LIP.

Main Methods:

Recorded neural activity from the lateral intraparietal area (LIP) in macaque monkeys.
Presented task-irrelevant visual stimuli and used memorized saccade plans to evoke suppression.
Manipulated monkey motivation to assess its impact on neural responses and behavior.

Main Results:

LIP neuronal responses to distractors were significantly suppressed when monkeys planned saccades to locations outside the distractor's receptive field.
This suppression was evoked by both visual stimuli and memorized saccade plans.
Suppressive surrounds of LIP neurons were spatially tuned and wide-ranging.
Increased motivation enhanced distractor suppression and saccade goal representation, correlating with improved behavioral performance.

Conclusions:

Demonstrated physiological evidence for wide-ranging suppressive interactions in LIP neurons during saccade planning.
Supports the role of LIP as a spatial priority map involved in attentional selection and competition.
Motivation modulates distractor suppression and goal representation in LIP, impacting behavioral outcomes.