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Related Concept Videos

Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscopy01:05

Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscopy

Total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy or TIRF is an advanced microscopic technique used to visualize fluorophores in samples close to a solid surface with a higher refractive index, such as a glass coverslip. TIRF only allows fluorophores in proximity to the solid surface to be excited. When light from a medium with a lower refractive index (such as air) hits the glass coverslip at a critical angle, the light undergoes total internal reflection stead of passing through the glass.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 8, 2026

Fabrication And Characterization Of Photonic Crystal Slow Light Waveguides And Cavities
11:08

Fabrication And Characterization Of Photonic Crystal Slow Light Waveguides And Cavities

Published on: November 30, 2012

Photorefractive damage thresholds in Ti:LiNbO(3) channel waveguides.

J C Chon, W Feng, A R Mickelson

    Applied Optics
    |September 24, 2010
    PubMed
    Summary

    This study investigates the photorefractive effect in titanium-in-diffused lithium niobate waveguides. Models accurately predict waveguide behavior, confirming the photorefractive effect dominates over thermal influences.

    Area of Science:

    • Optics and Photonics
    • Materials Science
    • Nonlinear Optics

    Background:

    • The photorefractive effect in lithium niobate (LiNbO3) is crucial for optical applications.
    • Understanding its behavior in diffused waveguides is essential for device performance.
    • Titanium diffusion is a common method for creating LiNbO3 waveguides.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To experimentally and theoretically investigate the photorefractive effect in titanium-in-diffused LiNbO3 waveguides.
    • To develop a predictive model for waveguide behavior under varying optical power.
    • To differentiate the contributions of the photorefractive and thermal effects.

    Main Methods:

    • Experimental measurements of mode size and transmitted optical power versus input power.

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    Last Updated: Jun 8, 2026

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  • Theoretical modeling using diffusion constants and Kukhtarev's model parameters.
  • Analysis of near-field intensity profiles at different optical intensities.
  • Calculation of thermally induced index perturbation effects.

    • Main Results:

    • Diffusion constants and Kukhtarev's model parameters were determined.
    • A model was developed that accurately predicts waveguide behavior.
    • Experimental and simulated results showed close agreement.
    • Thermal effects were identified as secondary to the photorefractive effect.

    Conclusions:

    • The photorefractive effect in Ti:LiNbO3 waveguides can be accurately modeled.
    • The developed model allows prediction of waveguide performance based on input power.
    • Photorefractive nonlinearity is the dominant mechanism, with thermal effects being a minor perturbation.