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Related Concept Videos

Complement System01:27

Complement System

The complement system is a group of approximately 20 plasma proteins that strengthen the body's defenses against infections through opsonization, inflammation, and cell lysis. Opsonization involves coating pathogens with complement proteins, making them more recognizable and facilitating phagocyte engulfment. Certain complement proteins induce inflammation that attracts immune cells to the site of infection. Cell lysis involves the destruction of pathogens through the formation of a membrane...
B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...
Antibody Actions01:26

Antibody Actions

Antibodies, or immunoglobulins, are critical players in the immune system's arsenal against invading pathogens. Produced by B cells and plasma cells, their primary role is to detect and bind to specific antigens, molecules found on the surface of pathogens like bacteria or viruses. Beyond antigen recognition, antibodies perform several vital functions that contribute to immune defense.
Neutralization
Antibodies can bind to pathogens, preventing them from infecting host cells. This process...
Complementation Tests00:49

Complementation Tests

A complementation test is a simple cross to identify whether the two mutations are located on the same gene or different genes. It was first performed by Edward Lewis in the 1940s while working on fruit flies. He developed the test to identify the location and arrangement of different mutations on chromosomes.
Organisms heterozygous for different mutations are crossed pairwise in all combinations. If present on different genes, the mutations can complement each other by providing the missing...
Humoral Immune Responses01:36

Humoral Immune Responses

Overview
T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 8, 2026

Methods for Quantitative Detection of Antibody-induced Complement Activation on Red Blood Cells
06:29

Methods for Quantitative Detection of Antibody-induced Complement Activation on Red Blood Cells

Published on: January 29, 2014

Modern determination of complement activation.

Martin Oppermann1, Reinhard Würzner

  • 1Abteilung Zelluläre und Molekulare Immunologie, Zentrum für Hygiene und Humangenetik, Humboldtallee 34, Göttingen, Germany. mopperm@gwdg.de

Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis
|September 25, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Accurate in vivo complement activation measurement needs simultaneous analysis of naive and activated complement proteins. This requires specific monoclonal antibodies and sensitive assays, considering potential confounding factors for reliable results.

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Last Updated: Jun 8, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Accurate assessment of complement system activation in living organisms is crucial for understanding various physiological and pathological processes.
  • Current methods may face challenges in distinguishing between different complement protein states.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline a methodology for accurate in vivo determination of complement activation.
  • To highlight the importance of simultaneous measurement of naive and activated complement proteins.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing native-restricted monoclonal antibodies.
  • Employing neoepitope-specific monoclonal antibodies.
  • Implementing sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs).

Main Results:

  • Simultaneous determination of naive and activated complement proteins is essential for accurate in vivo analysis.
  • The use of specific monoclonal antibodies in sensitive ELISAs provides a robust approach.
  • Careful consideration of confounding factors is necessary for correct result interpretation.

Conclusions:

  • A precise method for assessing complement activation in vivo has been described.
  • The described approach enhances the reliability of complement activation studies.
  • Further research should focus on refining these techniques and addressing potential interferences.