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Related Concept Videos

Alcohols from Carbonyl Compounds: Reduction02:23

Alcohols from Carbonyl Compounds: Reduction

Reduction is a simple strategy to convert a carbonyl group to a hydroxyl group. The three major pathways to reduce carbonyls to alcohols are catalytic hydrogenation, hydride reduction, and borane reduction.
Catalytic hydrogenation is similar to the reduction of an alkene or alkyne by adding H2 across the pi bond in the presence of transition metal catalysts like Raney Ni, Pd–C, Pt, or Ru. Aldehydes and ketones can be reduced by this method, often under mild to moderate heat (25–100°C) and...
Acid Halides to Ketones: Gilman Reagent01:14

Acid Halides to Ketones: Gilman Reagent

Lithium dialkyl cuprate, also known as Gilman reagents, selectively reduces acid halides to ketones. The acid chloride is treated with Gilman reagent at −78 °C in the presence of ether solution to produce a ketone in good yield.
As shown below, the mechanism proceeds in two steps. First, one of the alkyl groups of the reagent acts as a nucleophile and attacks the acyl carbon of the acid chloride to form a tetrahedral intermediate. This is followed by the reformation of the carbon–oxygen double...
Aldehydes and Ketones to Alkanes: Wolff–Kishner Reduction01:09

Aldehydes and Ketones to Alkanes: Wolff–Kishner Reduction

Wolff–Kishner reduction involves converting aldehydes and ketones to alkanes using hydrazine and a base. The reaction converts a carbonyl group to a methylene group. The method was independently discovered by N. Kishner in 1911 and L. Wolff in 1912. The reduction is carried out in high-boiling solvents such as ethylene glycol and diethylene glycol because heat is required to deprotonate the N–H proton in one of the reaction steps.

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Related Experiment Video

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Scalable Syntheses of Graphene Oxide and Reduced Graphene Oxide using Cascade Design Oxidation and Highly Basic Reduction Reactions
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Scalable Syntheses of Graphene Oxide and Reduced Graphene Oxide using Cascade Design Oxidation and Highly Basic Reduction Reactions

Published on: July 3, 2025

Reduced graphene oxide by chemical graphitization.

In Kyu Moon1, Junghyun Lee, Rodney S Ruoff

  • 1Department of Chemistry, National Creative Research Initiative, Center for Smart Molecular Memory, Sungkyunkwan University, 300 Cheoncheon-Dong, Jangan-Gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-Do 440-746, Republic of Korea.

Nature Communications
|September 25, 2010
PubMed
Summary

A new hydriodic acid-acetic acid system efficiently reduces graphene oxide (G-O) into highly conductive reduced graphene oxide (RG-O) in one pot. This method enables low-temperature processing for flexible electronic devices.

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Synthesis and Functionalization of 3D Nano-graphene Materials: Graphene Aerogels and Graphene Macro Assemblies

Published on: November 5, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Chemical Engineering

Background:

  • Reduced graphene oxides (RG-Os) are crucial for electronic and optoelectronic applications.
  • Existing chemical reduction methods for graphene oxide (G-O) are limited, especially for vapor-phase applications.
  • Hydrazine reduction is common, but alternative methods are needed for specific patterning and in situ reduction requirements.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce a novel, efficient one-pot chemical reduction method for graphene oxide (G-O).
  • To demonstrate the effectiveness of the hydriodic acid-acetic acid (HI-AcOH) reducing system for both solution and vapor phases.
  • To explore the potential of the resulting reduced graphene oxide (RG-O) in flexible electronic devices.

Main Methods:

  • Development and application of a novel hydriodic acid-acetic acid (HI-AcOH) reducing agent system.
  • One-pot reduction of solution-phase graphene oxide (G-O) powder.
  • Vapor-phase reduction of graphene oxide (G-O) paper and thin films at low temperatures (40 °C).

Main Results:

  • Highly qualified and highly conducting reduced graphene oxide (RG-O(HI-AcOH)) produced via mass production.
  • Successful preparation of vapor-reduced graphene oxide (VRG-O(HI-AcOH)) paper and thin films at 40 °C.
  • Demonstrated applicability of the low-temperature processed RG-O for flexible devices.

Conclusions:

  • The HI-AcOH system offers an efficient and versatile method for reducing G-O.
  • This one-pot reduction technique facilitates the production of high-quality, conductive RG-Os.
  • The method is suitable for low-temperature processing, enabling applications in flexible electronics and advancing graphene research.