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Types of Selection01:46

Types of Selection

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Natural selection influences the frequencies of particular alleles and phenotypes within populations in several different ways. Primarily, natural selection can be directional, stabilizing, or disruptive. Directional selection favors one extreme trait and shifts the population towards that phenotype while selecting against individuals displaying alternate traits. Stabilizing selection favors an intermediate trait with a narrow range of variation. Deviation from the optimal phenotype towards an...
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An applied magnetic field causes loosely bound π-electrons in organic molecules to circulate, producing a local or induced diamagnetic field over a large spatial volume. As the molecules tumble in solution, the field generated by π-electrons in spherical substituents results in a zero net field. However, the net field generated by π-electrons in non-spherical substituents is not zero. The effect of this induced field depends on the orientation of the molecule with respect to B0,...
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Electrocyclic reactions, cycloadditions, and sigmatropic rearrangements are concerted pericyclic reactions that proceed via a cyclic transition state. These reactions are stereospecific and regioselective. The stereochemistry of the products depends on the symmetry characteristics of the interacting orbitals and the reaction conditions. Accordingly, pericyclic reactions are classified as either symmetry-allowed or symmetry-forbidden. Woodward and Hoffmann presented the selection criteria for...
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NMR-active nuclei have energy levels called 'spin states' that are associated with the orientations of their nuclear magnetic moments. In the absence of a magnetic field, the nuclear magnetic moments are randomly oriented, and the spin states are degenerate. When an external magnetic field is applied, the spin states have only 2 + 1 orientations available to them. A proton with = ½ has two available orientations. Similarly, for a quadrupolar nucleus with a nuclear spin value of one, the...
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When the fitness of a trait is influenced by how common it is (i.e., its frequency) relative to different traits within a population, this is referred to as frequency-dependent selection. Frequency-dependent selection may occur between species or within a single species. This type of selection can either be positive—with more common phenotypes having higher fitness—or negative, with rarer phenotypes conferring increased fitness.
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The free energy change for a process taking place with reactants and products present under nonstandard conditions (pressures other than 1 bar; concentrations other than 1 M) is related to the standard free energy change according to this equation:
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Environment-induced super selection without pointer states.

Christian Gogolin1

  • 1Fakultät für Physik und Astronomie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany. publications@cgogolin.de

Physical Review. E, Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics
|September 28, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Quantum decoherence is a natural property of weakly interacting systems. For small subsystems, off-diagonal density matrix elements become small when energy differences exceed interaction energy, proving decoherence.

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Area of Science:

  • Quantum mechanics
  • Statistical mechanics
  • Condensed matter physics

Background:

  • Decoherence and equilibration are key concepts in understanding the transition from quantum to classical behavior.
  • Investigating these phenomena in weakly coupled quantum systems is crucial for experimental applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To rigorously prove decoherence in small subsystems of large closed quantum systems under weak environmental coupling.
  • To establish conditions under which decoherence naturally occurs without approximations.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing the von Neumann equation to describe the time evolution of the quantum subsystem.
  • Analyzing the off-diagonal elements of the subsystem's density matrix in its local energy eigenbasis.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated that off-diagonal density matrix elements are small for almost all initial states and times.
  • Established that this occurs when the energy difference between eigenstates exceeds the interaction energy.
  • Proved decoherence with respect to the local energy eigenbasis is a natural property.

Conclusions:

  • Weakly interacting quantum systems exhibit natural decoherence.
  • The findings provide a fundamental understanding of decoherence in realistic experimental scenarios.
  • This work solidifies the role of weak coupling in quantum system equilibration.