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Related Concept Videos

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Chain Branching01:17

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Chain Branching

The skeletal structure of polymers synthesized via radical polymerization is always branched. For example, the polymerization of ethylene by radical polymerization results in a low-density grade of polyethylene with a heavily branched skeletal structure. Here, the radical site abstracts hydrogen from the growing chain, and the radical site shifts from the end (a primary carbon center) to anywhere within the growing chain (a secondary carbon center). Consequently, the part of the chain from the...
Propagation of Action Potentials01:23

Propagation of Action Potentials

The propagation of an action potential refers to the process by which a nerve impulse, or "action potential," travels along a neuron.
Neurons (nerve cells) have a resting membrane potential, with a slightly negative charge inside compared to outside. This is maintained by ion channels, such as sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) channels, which control the flow of ions. When a stimulus, like a touch or a signal from another neuron, triggers the neuron, sodium channels open, allowing sodium ions to...
Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:10

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

Chain-growth or addition polymerization is successive addition reactions of monomers with a polymer chain. In radical chain-growth polymerization, the reaction proceeds via a free-radical intermediate. The free radical is formed from radical initiators, which spontaneously generate free radicals by homolytic fission. Organic peroxides (such as dibenzoyl peroxide, as shown in Figure 1) or azo compounds are popular radical initiators. A low concentration ratio of radical initiator to monomer is...
Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:09

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

The radical chain-growth polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination of polymerization. The polymerization initiates when a free radical generated from the radical initiator adds to the unsaturated bond in the monomer. The unpaired electron of the free radical and one π electron in the unsaturated bond creates a σ bond between the free radical and the monomer. As a result, the other π electron in the unsaturated bond converts this species into the...
Ziegler–Natta Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:17

Ziegler–Natta Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

Ziegler–Natta polymerization is another form of addition or chain‐growth polymerization used for synthesizing linear polymers over branched polymers. The catalyst used for polymerization is the Ziegler–Natta catalyst, named after Karl Ziegler and Giulio Natta, who developed it in 1953. This catalyst is an organometallic complex of titanium tetrachloride and triethyl aluminum, with the active form of the catalyst being an alkyl titanium compound. Using the Ziegler–Natta catalyst, high molecular...
Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:04

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

The mechanism for anionic chain-growth polymerization involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. In the initiation step, a nucleophilic anion, such as butyl lithium, initiates the polymerization process by attacking the π bond of the vinylic monomer. As a result, a carbanion, stabilized by the electron‐withdrawing group, is generated. The resulting carbanion acts as a Michael donor in the propagation step and attacks the second vinylic monomer, which acts as a Michael acceptor.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 8, 2026

Rapid Repetition Rate Fluctuation Measurement of Soliton Crystals in a Microresonator
07:42

Rapid Repetition Rate Fluctuation Measurement of Soliton Crystals in a Microresonator

Published on: December 15, 2021

Pulse propagation in randomly decorated chains.

Upendra Harbola1, Alexandre Rosas, Aldo H Romero

  • 1Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0340, USA.

Physical Review. E, Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics
|September 28, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers designed granular chains to control pulse propagation. An effective model successfully predicted pulse behavior in these complex chains, offering new insights for wave control applications.

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Patterned Photostimulation with Digital Micromirror Devices to Investigate Dendritic Integration Across Branch Points
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Rapid Repetition Rate Fluctuation Measurement of Soliton Crystals in a Microresonator
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Published on: March 2, 2011

Area of Science:

  • Physics
  • Materials Science
  • Acoustics

Background:

  • Controlling wave propagation in granular systems is crucial for various applications.
  • Existing models often simplify granular chain structures, limiting their predictive power for complex designs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To extend effective descriptions for pulse propagation in complex granular chains.
  • To investigate the influence of randomly sized granules on pulse dynamics.
  • To validate analytical approaches for predicting wave behavior in designer granular chains.

Main Methods:

  • Developing and applying an effective description for pulse propagation.
  • Utilizing the binary-collision approximation for analytical solutions.
  • Simulating pulse dynamics in one-dimensional chains of monodisperse and randomly decorated granules.

Main Results:

  • The effective description accurately predicts pulse properties in chains with randomly sized granules.
  • The binary-collision approximation provides reliable analytical results for these complex systems.
  • Demonstrated tunability of pulse propagation and attenuation through 'designer chain' structures.

Conclusions:

  • The developed model effectively captures pulse behavior in complex granular chains.
  • Randomly sized granules can be incorporated into predictive models for wave control.
  • Designer granular chains offer a promising platform for optimizing wave propagation and attenuation.