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Accelerating Fluids01:17

Accelerating Fluids

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When a fluid is in constant acceleration, the pressure and buoyant force equations are modified. Suppose a beaker is placed in an elevator accelerating upward with a constant acceleration, a. In the beaker, assume there is a thin cylinder of height h with an infinitesimal cross-sectional area, ΔS.
The motion of the liquid within this infinitesimal cylinder is considered to obtain the pressure difference. Three vertical forces act on this liquid:
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Surface Tension of Fluid01:22

Surface Tension of Fluid

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Surface tension is a fundamental property of fluids, occurring at the boundary between a liquid and a gas or between two immiscible liquids. This phenomenon arises from the cohesive forces between molecules at the fluid's surface, creating an effect similar to a stretched elastic membrane. Inside each fluid, molecules are equally attracted in all directions by neighboring molecules, but surface molecules experience a net inward force, resulting in surface tension.
Surface tension varies...
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Surface Tension, Capillary Action, and Viscosity02:57

Surface Tension, Capillary Action, and Viscosity

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Surface Tension
The various IMFs between identical molecules of a substance are examples of cohesive forces. The molecules within a liquid are surrounded by other molecules and are attracted equally in all directions by the cohesive forces within the liquid. However, the molecules on the surface of a liquid are attracted only by about one-half as many molecules. Because of the unbalanced molecular attractions on the surface molecules, liquids contract to form a shape that minimizes the number...
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Viscosity01:17

Viscosity

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When water is poured into a glass, it falls freely and quickly, whereas if honey or maple syrup is poured over a pancake, it flows slowly and sticks to the surface of the container. This difference in the flow of different kinds of liquids arises due to the fluid friction between the liquid layers and the liquid and the surrounding material. This property of fluids is called fluid viscosity. In this example, water has a lower viscosity than honey and maple syrup.
The SI unit of viscosity is...
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Newtonian Fluid: Problem Solving01:18

Newtonian Fluid: Problem Solving

859
Newtonian fluids exhibit a constant viscosity, meaning their shear stress and shear strain rate are directly proportional. This property ensures a predictable and stable response to applied forces, maintaining a linear relationship between force and flow. Examples include water, air, and light oils, consistently demonstrating this proportional behavior regardless of external conditions.
A velocity gradient forms within the fluid when a Newtonian fluid is placed between two parallel plates, with...
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Steady, Laminar Flow Between Parallel Plates01:17

Steady, Laminar Flow Between Parallel Plates

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Understanding steady, laminar flow between parallel plates is essential for analyzing and designing flow in narrow rectangular channels, commonly found in various water conveyance and drainage systems. The Navier-Stokes equations govern fluid motion and are generally challenging to solve due to their nonlinearity. However, simplifications are possible in certain cases, like the steady laminar flow between parallel plates. For this scenario, we assume steady, incompressible, laminar flow.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 14, 2026

Impacts of Free-falling Spheres on a Deep Liquid Pool with Altered Fluid and Impactor Surface Conditions
08:49

Impacts of Free-falling Spheres on a Deep Liquid Pool with Altered Fluid and Impactor Surface Conditions

Published on: February 17, 2019

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Binary fluid with attractions near a planar wall.

Venkat Padmanabhan1, Amalie L Frischknecht, Michael E Mackay

  • 1Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, 19716, USA.

Physical Review. E, Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics
|September 28, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Small particles can displace larger ones from surfaces when they are attracted to the wall. This finding, confirmed by simulations and theory, is robust across various conditions.

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Last Updated: Jan 14, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Physics
  • Physical Chemistry
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Mixtures of large and small hard spheres typically segregate at planar walls due to entropy.
  • Larger spheres preferentially adsorb to substrates to minimize system entropy loss per unit area.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of attractive forces between small particles and a wall in altering segregation patterns.
  • To determine if small particles can displace larger particles from a surface layer.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized fluids density-functional theory (DFT).
  • Employed discontinuous molecular dynamics (DMD) simulations.
  • Explored parameters including relative sphere size, concentration, and inter-particle attractions.

Main Results:

  • An attractive potential between small particles and the wall, on the order of thermal energy, can dislodge larger particles.
  • Small particles become the dominant component at the surface layer under specific attractive conditions.
  • The observed phenomenon is robust across a range of tested parameters.

Conclusions:

  • Attractive interactions between small particles and surfaces can overcome entropic segregation effects.
  • This mechanism offers a route to control particle distribution at interfaces.
  • The findings have implications for understanding and engineering interfacial phenomena in colloidal systems.