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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 8, 2026

Ultrasound Velocity Measurement in a Liquid Metal Electrode

Ultrasound Velocity Measurement in a Liquid Metal Electrode

Published on: August 5, 2015

Three-dimensional flow in electromagnetically driven shallow two-layer fluids.

R A D Akkermans¹, L P J Kamp, H J H Clercx

¹Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands.

Physical Review. E, Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics

|September 28, 2010

Summary

Complex 3D flow structures in a two-layer fluid mirror single-layer dipolar vortex behavior. Particle behavior is influenced by non-divergence-free velocity fields, unlike 2D flows.

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Last Updated: Jun 8, 2026

Ultrasound Velocity Measurement in a Liquid Metal Electrode

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Published on: August 5, 2015

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Published on: March 6, 2013

Investigating the Three-dimensional Flow Separation Induced by a Model Vocal Fold Polyp

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Published on: February 3, 2014

Area of Science:

Fluid Dynamics
Geophysics
Physics

Background:

Freely evolving dipolar vortices exhibit complex 3D flow structures in shallow fluid layers.
Understanding these structures is crucial for fluid dynamics and geophysical flows.

Purpose of the Study:

Investigate the 3D structures and evolution of a dipolar vortex in a stable shallow two-layer fluid.
Compare these structures to those observed in single-layer fluids.
Analyze the impact of 3D flow structures on passive particle distribution.

Main Methods:

Stereoscopic Particle Image Velocimetry (SPIV) for experimental velocity field measurements.
3D numerical simulations for comprehensive velocity and vorticity field analysis.

Main Results:

Observed 3D structures and evolution in the two-layer fluid largely mirror single-layer cases.
Frontal circulation in the two-layer fluid is attributed to internal interface deformations.
Passive particles accumulate/deplete in regions with non-divergence-free horizontal velocity fields.

Conclusions:

Dipolar vortex dynamics in two-layer fluids share similarities with single-layer systems.
Interface deformation drives frontal circulation.
Non-zero velocity divergence significantly impacts passive particle distribution, deviating from 2D incompressible flow behavior.