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Ferromagnetism

Ferromagnetism

Materials like iron, nickel, and cobalt consist of magnetic domains, within which the magnetic dipoles are arranged parallel to each other. The magnetic dipoles are rigidly aligned in the same direction within a domain by quantum mechanical coupling among the atoms. This coupling is so strong that even thermal agitation at room temperature cannot break it. The result is that each domain has a net dipole moment. However, some materials have weaker coupling, and are ferromagnetic at lower...

Magnetic Susceptibility and Permeability

Magnetic Susceptibility and Permeability

In linear magnetic materials, like paramagnets and diamagnets, magnetization is proportional to the magnetic field intensity. The constant of proportionality, a dimensionless number, is called magnetic susceptibility. The value of the susceptibility depends on the type of material.
When diamagnetic materials are placed under an external magnetic field, the moments opposite to the field are induced. Hence, the susceptibility for diamagnets has a minimal negative value of 10-5–10-6. Since...

Paramagnetism

Paramagnetism

Paramagnets are materials with unpaired electrons that possess a finite magnetic moment. In the absence of a magnetic field, these moments are randomly oriented, and thus the net moment is zero. Under an external field, a torque acting on the moments tends to align them along the field's direction. However, the random thermal motion of electrons produces a torque opposite to the external field and tries to disorient the moments. These two competing effects align only a few moments along the...

Diamagnetism

Diamagnetism

Materials consisting of paired electrons have zero net magnetic moments. However, when these materials are placed under an external magnetic field, the moments opposite to the field are induced. Such materials are called diamagnets. Diamagnetism is the response of the diamagnets when placed in an external magnetic field.
Diamagnetism was discovered by Anton Brugmans in 1778 when he observed that bismuth gets repelled by magnetic fields, thus theorizing that diamagnets get repelled by magnets.

Magnetostatic Boundary Conditions

Magnetostatic Boundary Conditions

An electric field suffers a discontinuity at a surface charge. Similarly, a magnetic field is discontinuous at a surface current. The perpendicular component of a magnetic field is continuous across the interface of two magnetic mediums. In contrast, its parallel component, perpendicular to the current, is discontinuous by the amount equal to the product of the vacuum permeability and the surface current. Like the scalar potential in electrostatics, the vector potential is also continuous...

Potential Due to a Magnetized Object

Potential Due to a Magnetized Object

Magnetic dipoles in magnetic materials are aligned when placed under an external magnetic field. For paramagnets and ferromagnets, dipole alignment occurs in the direction of the magnetic field. However, the dipoles align opposite to the field in the case of diamagnets. This state of magnetic polarization due to the external field is called magnetization. Magnetization is defined as the dipole moment per unit volume. It plays a similar role to polarization in electrostatics.
The vector...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 8, 2026

Sputter Growth and Characterization of Metamagnetic B2-ordered FeRh Epilayers

Sputter Growth and Characterization of Metamagnetic B2-ordered FeRh Epilayers

Published on: October 5, 2013

Large magnetostriction from morphotropic phase boundary in ferromagnets.

Sen Yang¹, Huixin Bao, Chao Zhou

¹Multi-disciplinary Materials Research Center, Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.

Physical Review Letters

|September 28, 2010

Summary

Researchers discovered a magnetic morphotropic phase boundary (MPB) in ferromagnets, enhancing magnetostrictive properties. This finding in TbCo2-DyCo2 systems could lead to new high-performance magnetostrictive and magnetoelectric materials.

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Visualizing Uniaxial-strain Manipulation of Antiferromagnetic Domains in Fe1+YTe Using a Spin-polarized Scanning Tunneling Microscope

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Published on: March 24, 2019

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Last Updated: Jun 8, 2026

Sputter Growth and Characterization of Metamagnetic B2-ordered FeRh Epilayers

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Published on: October 5, 2013

Visualizing Uniaxial-strain Manipulation of Antiferromagnetic Domains in Fe1+YTe Using a Spin-polarized Scanning Tunneling Microscope

Visualizing Uniaxial-strain Manipulation of Antiferromagnetic Domains in Fe₁₊_YTe Using a Spin-polarized Scanning Tunneling Microscope

Published on: March 24, 2019

Area of Science:

Materials Science
Condensed Matter Physics
Magnetism

Background:

The morphotropic phase boundary (MPB) is crucial for enhancing piezoelectric properties in ferroelectric materials.
MPBs have been extensively studied in ferroelectrics but not in ferromagnets.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the existence and characteristics of an MPB in a ferromagnetic system.
To explore the potential for enhanced magnetostrictive properties at this magnetic MPB.

Main Methods:

Experimental investigation of the TbCo2-DyCo2 ferromagnetic system.
Analysis of magnetoelastic transitions and structural changes at the MPB composition.

Main Results:

The existence of a magnetic MPB was confirmed in the TbCo2-DyCo2 system.
This MPB involves a first-order magnetoelastic transition with simultaneous changes in magnetization direction and crystal structure.
MPB compositions exhibited a 3-6 times greater figure of merit for magnetostrictive response compared to off-MPB compositions.

Conclusions:

The discovery of an MPB in ferromagnets opens new avenues for materials research.
This finding may facilitate the development of novel high-performance magnetostrictive and magnetoelectric materials.