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Van der Waals Interactions

Van der Waals Interactions

Atoms and molecules interact with each other through intermolecular forces. These electrostatic forces arise from attractive or repulsive interactions between particles with permanent, partial, or temporary charges. The intermolecular forces between neutral atoms and molecules are ion–dipole, dipole–dipole, and dispersion forces, collectively known as van der Waals forces.Polar molecules have a partial positive charge on one end and a partial negative charge on the other end of the molecule,...

Intermolecular Forces and Physical Properties

Intermolecular Forces and Physical Properties

Intermolecular Forces

Intermolecular Forces

Atoms and molecules interact through bonds (or forces): intramolecular and intermolecular. The forces are electrostatic as they arise from interactions (attractive or repulsive) between charged species (permanent, partial, or temporary charges) and exist with varying strengths between ions, polar, nonpolar, and neutral molecules. The different types of intermolecular forces are ion–dipole, dipole–dipole, hydrogen bonds, and dispersion; among these, dipole–dipole, hydrogen bonds, and dispersion...

Intermolecular Forces

Intermolecular Forces

Atoms and molecules interact through bonds (or forces): intramolecular and intermolecular. The forces are electrostatic as they arise from interactions (attractive or repulsive) between charged species (permanent, partial, or temporary charges) and exist with varying strengths between ions, polar, nonpolar, and neutral molecules. The different types of intermolecular forces are ion–dipole, dipole–dipole, hydrogen bonds, and dispersion; among these, dipole–dipole, hydrogen bonds, and dispersion...

Ionic Association

Ionic Association

The ionic association is the association of oppositely charged ions in an electrolyte solution to form ion pairs. Bjerrum defined ion pairs as two oppositely charged ions whose electrostatic attraction exceeds the thermal energy of the system, typically expressed as 2kT. Electrostatic attraction depends on ionic charge, separation distance, and the dielectric constant of the medium. Thermal energy, represented by kT, reflects the tendency of ions to move independently due to molecular motion.

Intermolecular vs Intramolecular Forces

Intermolecular vs Intramolecular Forces

Intermolecular forces (IMF) are electrostatic attractions arising from charge-charge interactions between molecules. The strength of the intermolecular force is influenced by the distance of separation between molecules. The forces significantly affect the interactions in solids and liquids, where the molecules are close together. In gases, IMFs become important only under high-pressure conditions (due to the proximity of gas molecules). Intermolecular forces dictate the physical properties of...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 8, 2026

Cooling an Optically Trapped Ultracold Fermi Gas by Periodical Driving

Cooling an Optically Trapped Ultracold Fermi Gas by Periodical Driving

Published on: March 30, 2017

Universal properties in ultracold ion-atom interactions.

¹Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Toledo, Mailstop 111, Toledo, Ohio 43606, USA.

Physical Review Letters

|September 28, 2010

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

We developed a new quantum-defect theory to describe universal properties in ion-atom interactions. This theory reveals universal spectra for bound states and resonances, aiding in atomic polarizability determination and suggesting novel atomlike molecules.

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Last Updated: Jun 8, 2026

Cooling an Optically Trapped Ultracold Fermi Gas by Periodical Driving

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Published on: March 30, 2017

Measurement of Ultrafast Vibrational Coherences in Polyatomic Radical Cations with Strong-Field Adiabatic Ionization

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Spatial Separation of Molecular Conformers and Clusters

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Published on: January 9, 2014

Area of Science:

Atomic and Molecular Physics
Quantum Mechanics
Chemical Physics

Background:

Ion-atom interactions are crucial in various physical and chemical processes.
Understanding long-range interactions, specifically the -1/r4 type, is key to characterizing these systems.
Existing theories may lack a unified framework for describing both bound and scattering states.

Purpose of the Study:

To present universal properties of ion-atom interactions using a novel quantum-defect theory.
To establish a universal bound spectrum analogous to the Rydberg formula for ion-atom systems.
To introduce a universal resonance spectrum for a systematic understanding of ion-atom scattering phenomena.

Main Methods:

Formulation of a new quantum-defect theory.
Application of the theory to analyze -1/r4 type long-range interactions.
Derivation of universal spectra for bound and scattering states.

Main Results:

A universal bound spectrum for ion-atom systems, akin to the Rydberg formula.
A universal resonance spectrum providing systematic insights into ion-atom scattering.
A method for accurate spectroscopic determination of atomic polarizability.
Theoretical suggestion for the existence of atomlike molecules.

Conclusions:

The new quantum-defect theory successfully captures universal properties in ion-atom interactions.
The identified universal spectra offer a unified framework for understanding bound and scattering phenomena.
The theory has practical implications for spectroscopy and the prediction of novel molecular structures.