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Related Concept Videos

Rheumatic Heart Disease I: Introduction01:23

Rheumatic Heart Disease I: Introduction

Rheumatic heart disease or RHD is a chronic condition that results from rheumatic fever, causing permanent damage to the heart valves.Etiology and Risk FactorsIt primarily arises from rheumatic fever, an inflammatory disease that can develop after untreated or inadequately treated group A streptococcal (GAS) pharyngitis. Streptococcus spreads through direct contact with oral or respiratory secretions. While the bacteria are the causative agents, factors like malnutrition, overcrowding, poor...
Rheumatic Heart Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies01:22

Rheumatic Heart Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies

The key clinical manifestations of Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) include several distinct cardiac symptoms.Carditis, a hallmark of acute rheumatic fever, involves inflammation of the heart's endocardium, myocardium, and pericardium. Chronic RHD often results from recurrent episodes of carditis. Its symptoms include the following:Murmurs are caused by valvular damage, especially to the mitral and aortic valves. Mitral stenosis or regurgitation is common, with characteristic heart murmurs...
Genome-wide Association Studies-GWAS01:11

Genome-wide Association Studies-GWAS

Genome-wide association studies or GWAS are used to identify whether common SNPs are associated with certain diseases. Suppose specific SNPs are more frequently observed in individuals with a particular disease than those without the disease. In that case, those SNPs are said to be associated with the disease. Chi-square analysis is performed to check the probability of the allele likely to be associated with the disease.
GWAS does not require the identification of the target gene involved in...
Rheumatic Heart Disease IV: Nursing Management01:20

Rheumatic Heart Disease IV: Nursing Management

AssessmentA comprehensive assessment is essential in managing a patient with rheumatic heart disease (RHD). Begin with obtaining a detailed medical history, including recent streptococcal infections, a history of rheumatic fever, or previously diagnosed rheumatic heart disease. Assess the patient for symptoms such as fever, chest pain, widespread joint pain (arthralgia), tachycardia, pericardial friction rub, muffled heart sounds, heart murmurs, peripheral edema, subcutaneous nodules, and...
Rheumatic Heart Disease III: Medical Management01:21

Rheumatic Heart Disease III: Medical Management

Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) management can be divided into two main strategies: prevention and long-term management.Primary PreventionPrimary prevention focuses on timely diagnosis and management of group A streptococcal pharyngitis to prevent acute rheumatic fever. The most widely used antibiotic for treating this condition is intramuscular benzathine penicillin G.Acute Rheumatic Fever TreatmentThe primary treatment goal for a patient diagnosed with acute rheumatic fever is to suppress the...
T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 8, 2026

Preliminary Study on Acupuncture Combined with Grain-sized Moxibustion for Treating Rheumatoid Arthritis with Finger Joint Pain
04:50

Preliminary Study on Acupuncture Combined with Grain-sized Moxibustion for Treating Rheumatoid Arthritis with Finger Joint Pain

Published on: May 16, 2025

Rheumatoid arthritis.

David L Scott1, Frederick Wolfe, Tom W J Huizinga

  • 1Department of Rheumatology, King's College London School of Medicine, London, UK. d.scott@nhs.net

Lancet (London, England)
|September 28, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Rheumatoid arthritis involves persistent inflammation and autoantibodies, with genetics and smoking as key risk factors. Effective treatments like DMARDs and biological agents aim to control inflammation and prevent joint damage.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 8, 2026

Preliminary Study on Acupuncture Combined with Grain-sized Moxibustion for Treating Rheumatoid Arthritis with Finger Joint Pain
04:50

Preliminary Study on Acupuncture Combined with Grain-sized Moxibustion for Treating Rheumatoid Arthritis with Finger Joint Pain

Published on: May 16, 2025

Area of Science:

  • Rheumatology
  • Immunology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by synovitis, systemic inflammation, and autoantibodies.
  • Genetic factors account for 50% of RA risk, with smoking as the primary environmental trigger.
  • RA affects 0.5-1.0% of adults in industrialized nations, predominantly women and the elderly, leading to joint damage and comorbidities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline the characteristics, risk factors, and current therapeutic strategies for rheumatoid arthritis.
  • To discuss the role of disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) and biological agents in managing RA.
  • To highlight the ultimate goal of achieving long-term remission through targeted, intensive treatments.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on rheumatoid arthritis pathophysiology and treatment.
  • Analysis of epidemiological data regarding RA prevalence and incidence.
  • Discussion of the mechanisms and clinical applications of DMARDs and biological therapies.

Main Results:

  • Rheumatoid arthritis is a significant cause of disability and reduced quality of life, associated with increased cardiovascular risk.
  • Methotrexate is the leading DMARD, often used in combination therapy.
  • Biological agents, including TNF inhibitors, abatacept, rituximab, and tocilizumab, are effective for refractory RA but face limitations due to infection risk and cost.

Conclusions:

  • Effective management of rheumatoid arthritis requires controlling synovitis and systemic inflammation to prevent joint damage and improve patient outcomes.
  • The development of targeted therapies, guided by biomarkers, holds promise for achieving long-term remission in rheumatoid arthritis.
  • Balancing treatment efficacy with safety concerns and cost is crucial for the widespread application of advanced RA therapies.