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Imaging Studies VI: Voiding Cystourethrography and Cystography

Imaging Studies VI: Voiding Cystourethrography and Cystography

Voiding Cystourethrography (VCUG) and Cystography are specialized radiographic procedures used to examine the structure and function of the bladder and urethra.Voiding Cystourethrography (VCUG)A Voiding Cystourethrogram (VCUG) is a diagnostic imaging procedure that assesses the anatomy and function of the lower urinary tract. It focuses on the bladder, bladder neck, and urethra, helping detect abnormalities such as vesicoureteral reflux (VUR)—the backward or reverse flow of urine into the...

Urinary Bladder

Urinary Bladder

The urinary bladder is a hollow, muscular sac that temporarily stores urine before it is expelled from the body. It can hold approximately 600 mL of urine prior to micturition. The bladder is retroperitoneal and located behind the pubic symphysis in the pelvic floor.
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Urinary Tract Calculi V: Nursing Management

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AssessmentSubjective Data: Obtain a detailed health history, including any recent or chronic urinary tract infections, periods of immobilization, previous episodes of renal calculi, and medical conditions such as gout, benign prostatic hyperplasia, or hyperparathyroidism. Review the medication history for drugs that may influence stone formation, including allopurinol, analgesics, loop diuretics, or thiazide diuretics. Document the use of long-term indwelling catheters and any past surgical...

Anatomy of the Genitourinary System II: Bladder and Urethra

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The lower urinary system consists of the urinary bladder and urethra, which are essential in storing and expelling urine from the body. Together with the internal and external sphincters, these structures work together to regulate urination effectively.Anatomy of the BladderThe urinary bladder is a muscular, stretchable organ behind the pubic bone and in front of the rectum. In females, the bladder is positioned anterior to the vagina and inferior to the uterus, while in males, it is located...

Urinary Tract Calculi III: Medical Management

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The diagnosis of renal calculi involves several imaging techniques, including non-contrast CT scans and ultrasound. These methods help visualize kidney stones, assess their size and location, and detect possible obstructions. Additionally, Measuring urine pH is useful for diagnosing specific stone types, such as struvite (alkaline pH) and uric acid stones (acidic pH). Cystine stones are primarily linked to cystinuria, a genetic condition. A urinalysis helps detect blood in the urine (hematuria)...

Urinary Tract Calculi VI: Surgical Management

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Procedures for Kidney StonesMedical intervention is necessary when kidney stones or renal calculi are too large to pass spontaneously (typically greater than 5 millimeters) when stones are accompanied by symptomatic infection (such as fever or pyelonephritis), when they impair kidney function, or when they cause persistent symptoms like severe pain, nausea, or urinary retention. Additionally, patients with only one kidney or those who cannot be treated with medical management also require...

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Updated: Jun 8, 2026

Induction of Invasive Transitional Cell Bladder Carcinoma in Immune Intact Human MUC1 Transgenic Mice: A Model for Immunotherapy Development

Induction of Invasive Transitional Cell Bladder Carcinoma in Immune Intact Human MUC1 Transgenic Mice: A Model for Immunotherapy Development

Published on: October 30, 2013

Bladder Cancer Working Group report.

Yoshiyuki Kakehi¹, Yoshihiko Hirao, Wun-Jae Kim

¹Department of Urology, Kagawa University, Faculty of Medicine, 1750-1 Oaza Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan. kakehi@med.kagawa-u.ac.jp

Japanese Journal of Clinical Oncology

|September 28, 2010

Summary

Bladder cancer risk is influenced by lifestyle factors like smoking and diet, with significant global incidence variations. Genetic factors and environmental exposures also play a role in urothelial carcinoma development.

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An Orthotopic Bladder Cancer Model for Gene Delivery Studies

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Induction of Invasive Transitional Cell Bladder Carcinoma in Immune Intact Human MUC1 Transgenic Mice: A Model for Immunotherapy Development

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Published on: October 30, 2013

An Orthotopic Bladder Cancer Model for Gene Delivery Studies

An Orthotopic Bladder Cancer Model for Gene Delivery Studies

Published on: December 1, 2013

Area of Science:

Oncology
Epidemiology
Genetics

Background:

Bladder cancer is a global health concern, ranking as the 7th most common cancer in men and 17th in women.
Incidence rates vary significantly worldwide, with higher rates in Western countries compared to Asian nations.
Mortality rates have shown a gradual decrease or stabilization in recent years.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the epidemiology of bladder cancer.
To explore the impact of lifestyle factors on urothelial carcinoma development.
To discuss genetic susceptibility in bladder carcinogenesis.

Main Methods:

Literature review of epidemiological data on bladder cancer.
Analysis of lifestyle factors including occupational, environmental, dietary, and smoking habits.
Review of recent genetic studies on single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in detoxification and DNA repair genes.

Main Results:

Smoking is a major risk factor, accounting for over 50% of bladder cancers in men and 30% in women.
Western dietary patterns are associated with an increased risk of bladder cancer.
Genetic polymorphisms in genes like NAT2, GST, and OGG1 are linked to bladder carcinogenesis, influencing prognosis and ethnic differences.

Conclusions:

Lifestyle modifications, particularly smoking cessation, are crucial for bladder cancer prevention.
Understanding genetic predispositions can aid in predicting prognosis and identifying high-risk individuals.
Further research into gene-environment interactions is necessary for a comprehensive understanding of bladder cancer development.