Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples01:10

X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples

X-ray diffraction or XRD is an analytical tool that utilizes X-rays to study ordered structures such as crystalline organic and inorganic samples, polycrystalline materials, proteins, carbohydrates, and drugs.
According to Bragg's law, when X-rays strike the sample positioned on a stage, the rays are  scattered by the electron clouds around the sample atoms. The  X-ray diffraction or scattering is caused by constructive interference of the X-ray waves that reflect off the internal crystal...
X-ray Imaging01:24

X-ray Imaging

German physicist Wilhelm Röntgen (1845–1923) was experimenting with electrical current when he discovered that a mysterious and invisible "ray" would pass through his flesh but leave an outline of his bones on a screen coated with a metal compound. In 1895, Röntgen made the first durable record of the internal parts of a living human: an "X-ray" image (as it came to be called) of his wife’s hand. Scientists worldwide quickly began their own experiments with X-rays, and by 1900, X-ray was widely...
X-ray Crystallography02:18

X-ray Crystallography

The size of the unit cell and the arrangement of atoms in a crystal may be determined from measurements of the diffraction of X-rays by the crystal, termed X-ray crystallography.
Diffraction
Diffraction is the change in the direction of travel experienced by an electromagnetic wave when it encounters a physical barrier whose dimensions are comparable to those of the wavelength of the light. X-rays are electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths about as long as the distance between neighboring...
Determination of Crystal Structures01:29

Determination of Crystal Structures

In the late 1800s, the revelation that light extended beyond visible wavelengths led to the discovery of X-rays by Wilhelm Roentgen. Recognized as high-energy electromagnetic radiation with short wavelengths, X-rays prompted exploration into their interaction with crystals. Max von Laue proposed in 1912 that the periodic arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules in crystals would cause them to diffract X-rays, a hypothesis confirmed through experiments with copper sulfate and zinc sulfide...
Bone Disorders01:29

Bone Disorders

Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
Bone deposition is also affected by the levels of sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone that promote osteoblast activity and bone matrix synthesis. When the level of these hormones decreases due to aging, it causes a reduction in bone deposition. As a result, bone resorption by osteoclasts...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Integrated experimental and computational evaluation of novel benzopyran-2-one congeners as reactive oxygen species scavengers in inflammation.

Computers in biology and medicine·2026
Same author

Comparing artificial intelligence and multidisciplinary tumor board decision making in real-world cancer care: a prospective blinded concordance study.

ESMO real world data and digital oncology·2026
Same author

Precision Measurement of Neutrino Oscillation Parameters with 10 Years of Data from the NOvA Experiment.

Physical review letters·2026
Same author

Dual-Baseline Search for Active-to-Sterile Neutrino Oscillations in NOvA.

Physical review letters·2025
Same author

Search for CP-Violating Neutrino Nonstandard Interactions with the NOvA Experiment.

Physical review letters·2024
Same author

Additional use of extrinsic warmer for intravenous CT contrast media and its impact on incidence of contrast extravasations and allergic like reactions: a prospective observational case control study.

Clinical radiology·2024
Same journal

Effective contrast-enhanced preprocessing for intracranial artery segmentation in digital subtraction angiography.

Physics in medicine and biology·2026
Same journal

Improving Plan Quality in Adaptive Proton Therapy Using an Interactive Dose Modification Tool.

Physics in medicine and biology·2026
Same journal

Technical Note: Real-Time MLC Control and Latency Measurement Optimization with External Verification.

Physics in medicine and biology·2026
Same journal

Fetus-Specific Hematopoietic Stem Cell Dosimetry Framework for Leukemia-Relevant Target Cells During Prenatal Development.

Physics in medicine and biology·2026
Same journal

Deep learning-based dose prediction to enhance planning efficiency in cervical brachytherapy with hybrid applicators.

Physics in medicine and biology·2026
Same journal

Corrigendum: Referenceless MR thermometry-a comparison of five methods (2017<i>Phys. Med. Biol</i>.<b>62</b>1-16).

Physics in medicine and biology·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 8, 2026

Scanning Skeletal Remains for Bone Mineral Density in Forensic Contexts
07:56

Scanning Skeletal Remains for Bone Mineral Density in Forensic Contexts

Published on: January 29, 2018

Bone densitometry using x-ray spectra.

M Krmar1, S Shukla, K Ganezer

  • 1Department of Physics, California State University Dominguez Hills, Carson, CA, 90747, USA. krmar@df.uns.ac.rs

Physics in Medicine and Biology
|September 28, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a novel spectral method using the full x-ray spectrum to determine material areal densities, improving accuracy over traditional dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry for bone densitometry.

More Related Videos

Cortical Bone Assessment Using Ultrasonic Guided Waves: A Reproducibility Study in a Healthy Population
09:02

Cortical Bone Assessment Using Ultrasonic Guided Waves: A Reproducibility Study in a Healthy Population

Published on: January 31, 2025

Proximal Cadaveric Femur Preparation for Fracture Strength Testing and Quantitative CT-based Finite Element Analysis
08:04

Proximal Cadaveric Femur Preparation for Fracture Strength Testing and Quantitative CT-based Finite Element Analysis

Published on: March 11, 2017

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 8, 2026

Scanning Skeletal Remains for Bone Mineral Density in Forensic Contexts
07:56

Scanning Skeletal Remains for Bone Mineral Density in Forensic Contexts

Published on: January 29, 2018

Cortical Bone Assessment Using Ultrasonic Guided Waves: A Reproducibility Study in a Healthy Population
09:02

Cortical Bone Assessment Using Ultrasonic Guided Waves: A Reproducibility Study in a Healthy Population

Published on: January 31, 2025

Proximal Cadaveric Femur Preparation for Fracture Strength Testing and Quantitative CT-based Finite Element Analysis
08:04

Proximal Cadaveric Femur Preparation for Fracture Strength Testing and Quantitative CT-based Finite Element Analysis

Published on: March 11, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Medical physics
  • Materials science
  • Radiological imaging

Background:

  • Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) typically uses two energy regions for bone densitometry.
  • Limitations exist in DXA's approach, particularly concerning beam hardening effects.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate a new method for calculating areal density using the complete x-ray spectrum.
  • To assess the efficacy of this spectral method compared to traditional approaches.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized aluminum and Plexiglas test objects to simulate bone and soft tissue.
  • Employed high-purity germanium (HPGe) detectors for high-resolution spectral data (20-80 keV).
  • Applied two analysis techniques: a two-region spectral system of equations and a nonlinear fit of the entire spectrum.

Main Results:

  • Achieved good agreement between calculated and known aluminum areal densities across varying PMMA thicknesses.
  • Demonstrated the feasibility of using the full spectrum for accurate material density determination.
  • The spectral method showed potential for reducing beam hardening artifacts.

Conclusions:

  • The presented spectral method offers a more comprehensive approach to areal density calculation than traditional DXA.
  • This technique holds promise for enhanced accuracy in radiological imaging and material analysis.
  • Further application may lead to improved diagnostic capabilities by mitigating beam hardening effects.