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Related Concept Videos

Schemas01:42

Schemas

A schema is a mental construct consisting of a cluster or collection of related concepts (Bartlett, 1932). There are many different types of schemata, and they all have one thing in common: schemata are a method of organizing information that allows the brain to work more efficiently. When a schema is activated, the brain makes immediate assumptions about the person or object being observed.
Hypothesis Test for Test of Independence01:16

Hypothesis Test for Test of Independence

The test of independence is a chi-square-based test used to determine whether two variables or factors are independent or dependent. This hypothesis test is used to examine the independence of the variables. One can construct two qualitative survey questions or experiments based on the variables in a contingency table. The goal is to see if the two variables are unrelated (independent) or related (dependent). The null and alternative hypotheses for this test are:
H0: The two variables (factors)...
Determination of Expected Frequency01:08

Determination of Expected Frequency

Suppose one wants to test independence between the two variables of a contingency table. The values in the table constitute the observed frequencies of the dataset. But how does one determine the expected frequency of the dataset? One of the important assumptions is that the two variables are independent, which means the variables do not influence each other. For independent variables, the statistical probability of any event involving both variables is calculated by multiplying the individual...
Cellular Injury I: Introduction01:00

Cellular Injury I: Introduction

Cellular injury occurs when a cell cannot maintain homeostasis or adapt to stressors such as hypoxia, toxins, or trauma. Depending on severity and duration, injury may be reversible, allowing recovery, or irreversible, leading to cell death.General Mechanisms of Cell InjuryAlthough causes vary, most cellular injuries arise from a few key mechanisms that disrupt essential functions and often amplify one another. Cell survival depends on the extent and balance of these disturbances.ATP depletion...
Cellular Injury II: Classification01:21

Cellular Injury II: Classification

Cellular injury is any process that disrupts a cell’s ability to maintain homeostasis, leading to structural or functional changes. It is broadly classified based on etiology (cause) and mechanism of damage.Classification by EtiologyCellular injury may result from several causes. Hypoxic injury happens due to reduced oxygen delivery, most commonly from inadequate blood supply, such as arterial obstruction; for example, coronary artery thrombosis can cause myocardial infarction. Chemical injury...
Mutagenicity and Carcinogenicity01:25

Mutagenicity and Carcinogenicity

Mutagenicity and carcinogenicity refer to the ability of drugs to cause genetic defects and induce cancer, respectively. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classifies agents into four groups based on their carcinogenic potential. Group 1 agents are known human carcinogens; group 2A agents are probably carcinogenic to humans; group 3 agents lack data to support their role in carcinogenesis; and group 4 includes agents for which data support that they are not likely to be...

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Tactile Vibrating Toolkit and Driving Simulation Platform for Driving-Related Research
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Published on: December 18, 2020

Cell phone use while driving and attributable crash risk.

Charles M Farmer1, Keli A Braitman, Adrian K Lund

  • 1Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, Arlington, Virginia, USA. cfarmer@iihs.org

Traffic Injury Prevention
|September 28, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Drivers talking on cell phones while driving could lead to millions of preventable crashes. Restricting cell phone use could have avoided 1.3 million crashes in 2008, highlighting the significant road safety risks.

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Area of Science:

  • Road Safety
  • Transportation Research
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Cell phone use while driving significantly increases crash risk.
  • Previous estimates suggest a 4x higher risk when talking on a cell phone.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantify the prevalence of cell phone use among U.S. drivers.
  • To estimate the number of annual crashes preventable by restricting driver cell phone use.

Main Methods:

  • A national survey of ~1200 U.S. drivers assessed driving time and cell phone usage.
  • Population Attributable Risk (PAR) was calculated across demographics and time.
  • PAR was multiplied by crash data to estimate avoided crashes.

Main Results:

  • Drivers used cell phones 7% of driving time on average.
  • Usage was higher on weekdays (8%), evenings (8%), and for younger drivers (<30, 16%).
  • Restricting cell phone use could have prevented 22% (1.3 million) of 2008 crashes.

Conclusions:

  • The declining crash rates despite increased cell phone use present a paradox.
  • Potential explanations include overestimation of cell phone risk or substitution of other distractions.
  • Further research is needed to clarify the relationship between cell phone use and crash trends.