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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 8, 2026

Experience is Instrumental in Tuning a Link Between Language and Cognition: Evidence from 6- to 7- Month-Old Infants' Object Categorization

Experience is Instrumental in Tuning a Link Between Language and Cognition: Evidence from 6- to 7- Month-Old Infants' Object Categorization

Published on: April 19, 2017

Infants communicate in order to be understood.

Gerlind Grosse¹, Tanya Behne, Malinda Carpenter

¹Department of Developmental and Comparative Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany. gerlind.grosse@eva.mpg.de

Developmental Psychology

|September 30, 2010

Summary

Young children understand communication involves understanding and cooperation. They actively repair failed requests, showing early awareness of communicative success factors.

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Last Updated: Jun 8, 2026

Experience is Instrumental in Tuning a Link Between Language and Cognition: Evidence from 6- to 7- Month-Old Infants' Object Categorization

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A Novel Experimental and Analytical Approach to the Multimodal Neural Decoding of Intent During Social Interaction in Freely-behaving Human Infants

Published on: October 4, 2015

Area of Science:

Developmental Psychology
Cognitive Science
Linguistics

Background:

Infants intentionally communicate early in life.
Understanding of the communicative process, including recipient's comprehension and cooperation, is not fully understood.
Previous research (Shwe & Markman, 1997) provides a foundation for studying communicative repair.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate whether and how infants aged 18, 24, and 30 months repair failed communication attempts.
To determine if infants understand that successful communication requires both comprehension and cooperative intent from the recipient.
To explore age-related differences and strategy variations in communicative repair.

Main Methods:

Development of a novel experimental paradigm to elicit and observe failed requests in infants.
Systematic observation of children's repair strategies in response to different types of communicative failures (e.g., misunderstanding referent vs. intent).
Analysis of repair behaviors even after the object was obtained, and in cases of correct understanding without object attainment.

Main Results:

Children at all tested ages (18, 24, 30 months) repaired failed requests due to misunderstanding, irrespective of obtaining the object.
Repair strategies varied based on the specific reason for communicative failure (e.g., referent vs. intent).
Children did not attempt repairs when communication was understood, even if the object was not received.

Conclusions:

Infants possess a foundational understanding of the mental and cooperative aspects of human communication from a very early age.
This study demonstrates sophisticated early communicative competence, including the ability to diagnose and address communicative breakdowns.
Findings suggest young children grasp that successful communication relies on shared understanding and the recipient's willingness to cooperate.