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Decreased Body Temperature

Decreased Body Temperature

A decreased body temperature can occur in patients with hypothermia and frostbite. Heat loss with extended cold exposure overpowers the body's ability to create heat, resulting in hypothermia. Core temperature readings help classify hypothermia. Mild hypothermia is temperatures between 32 °C (89.6 °F) and 35°C (95 °F) and is caused by impaired thermoregulation. Moderate hypothermia is temperatures between 28 C (82.4 °F) and 32 °C (89.6 °F) caused by sustained extreme cold exposure, and severe...

Factors Affecting Body Temperature

Factors Affecting Body Temperature

As a nurse, it is vital to understand the factors affecting body temperature to monitor variations and effectively evaluate deviations from regular.
Factors may include:

Homeostatic Imbalances in Body Temperature

Homeostatic Imbalances in Body Temperature

Hyperthermia occurs when the body's temperature becomes unusually high, often due to heat exposure, intense physical activity, or certain illnesses. This condition can create a dangerous cycle where elevated body temperature increases the metabolic rate, generating more heat and potentially leading to organ failure and brain damage. A severe form of hyperthermia, called heat stroke, can raise body temperature to life-threatening levels. Fever, on the other hand, is a controlled form of...

Assessing Body Temperature - Temporal Artery

Assessing Body Temperature - Temporal Artery

Here is a stepwise guide to assessing the body temperature at the temporal artery using a temporal artery thermometer
Step 1: Perform hand hygiene and don a fresh pair of gloves to prevent cross-infection and ensure patient safety.
Step 2: Explain the procedure to the patient to establish trust. Clear communication establishes trust with the patient, ensures they understand what to expect, promotes cooperation, and enhances comfort during the procedure.
Step 3: Assess the patient's forehead...

Increased Body Temperature

Increased Body Temperature

A body temperature above 38°C (100.4 °F) is known as fever or pyrexia, and a person with fever is termed 'febrile.' Typically, the hypothalamus, a part of the brain that acts as the body's thermostat, regulates body temperature through a thermoregulatory setpoint. It receives signals from cold and warm thermal receptors throughout the body and adjusts the body's temperature accordingly. Fever occurs when this hypothalamic setpoint is altered, usually in response to an infection or illness.

Temperature Measurement Sites

Temperature Measurement Sites

A thermometer measures body temperature. The common sites for measuring body temperature are the oral cavity, axillary region, temporal artery, and skin surface, such as the forehead, abdomen, and axilla. True core body temperature is assessed in the rectum, tympanic membrane, pulmonary artery, esophagus, and urinary bladder.
Oral: When assessing oral temperature, the thermometer tip should be placed under the tongue in the posterior sublingual pocket. It offers accurate readings and can be...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 8, 2026

Esophageal Heat Transfer for Patient Temperature Control and Targeted Temperature Management

Esophageal Heat Transfer for Patient Temperature Control and Targeted Temperature Management

Published on: November 21, 2017

Armanni-Ebstein phenomenon and hypothermia.

Chong Zhou¹, Roger W Byard

¹Discipline of Anatomy and Pathology, The University of Adelaide & Forensic Science SA, Adelaide, Australia.

Forensic Science International

|September 30, 2010

Summary

Lethal hypothermia cases showed renal tubular vacuolization, often linked to Armanni-Ebstein changes. This finding suggests underlying diabetic ketoacidosis may contribute to hypothermic deaths, necessitating postmortem biochemical testing.

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Area of Science:

Forensic Pathology
Toxicology
Nephrology

Background:

Hypothermia is a significant cause of mortality.
Renal tubular epithelial cell changes are observed in various conditions.
The Armanni-Ebstein phenomenon is a specific renal change associated with diabetes mellitus.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the presence of subnuclear vacuolization of renal tubular epithelial cells in lethal hypothermia cases.
To determine the association between hypothermia, Armanni-Ebstein changes, and diabetes mellitus.
To evaluate the utility of postmortem vitreous humor analysis in identifying diabetic ketoacidosis in hypothermic deaths.

Main Methods:

Retrospective review of 46 lethal hypothermia cases.
Histopathological examination for renal tubular vacuolization (Armanni-Ebstein phenomenon).
Biochemical analysis of vitreous humor for glucose and β-hydroxybutyrate levels in selected cases.

Main Results:

Fifteen of 46 cases (33%) exhibited renal tubular vacuolization consistent with Armanni-Ebstein changes.
Sixty percent (9 of 15) of cases with Armanni-Ebstein changes had a history of diabetes mellitus.
Vitreous humor analysis in seven diabetic cases confirmed diabetic ketoacidosis with significantly elevated glucose and β-hydroxybutyrate levels.

Conclusions:

A confirmed association exists between hypothermia and renal tubular epithelial vacuolization.
Underlying diabetic ketoacidosis may be a contributing factor in some hypothermic deaths.
Postmortem vitreous humor analysis for glucose and β-hydroxybutyrate should be considered in hypothermic fatalities to detect potential diabetes mellitus.