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Adrenal Gland Disorders

Adrenal Gland Disorders

Adrenal gland disorders manifest when the production of adrenal hormones deviates from the norm, resulting in either excessive or insufficient concentrations.
Adrenal insufficiency, characterized by insufficient cortisol and aldosterone production, leads to conditions like Addison's disease. This disorder, affecting the adrenal cortex, exhibits symptoms such as skin bronzing, dehydration, low blood pressure, fatigue, and weight loss. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, a genetic ailment causing...

Hormones of the Adrenal Glands

Hormones of the Adrenal Glands

Adrenal hormones play a pivotal role in maintaining the body's electrolyte balance and orchestrating responses to stress, showcasing the intricate functions of the adrenal cortex and medulla.
The adrenal cortex, a powerhouse of hormone synthesis, generates over two dozen corticosteroid hormones. The zona glomerulosa produces mineralocorticoids, exemplified by aldosterone, influencing the electrolyte composition of body fluids. The synthesis of glucocorticoids such as cortisol and corticosterone...

Cushing Syndrome II: Pathophysiology

Cushing Syndrome II: Pathophysiology

Cortisol production is normally governed by the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, which maintains hormonal balance through tightly regulated feedback mechanisms. Disruption of this regulatory system is central to the development of Cushing syndrome, whether the excess cortisol originates from external medications or internal pathology. Persistent cortisol elevation alters metabolism, immune function, and endocrine signaling, producing the characteristic clinical features of the...

Cushing Syndrome I: Introduction

Cushing Syndrome I: Introduction

Cushing syndrome refers to the collection of clinical manifestations that arise when tissues are exposed to excessive amounts of cortisol or cortisol-like medications over an extended period. Cortisol, a glucocorticoid produced by the adrenal cortex, regulates metabolism, immune responses, and the body’s adaptation to stress. When its concentration remains chronically elevated, these physiological pathways become dysregulated, resulting in the characteristic features of the syndrome.Exogenous...

Anatomy of the Adrenal Glands

Anatomy of the Adrenal Glands

The adrenal or supra-renal glands, situated above the kidneys and aligned with the twelfth rib, are paired pyramid-shaped structures crucial for the body's stress response. During stress, these glands secrete hormones vital for adaptive physiological reactions.
These glands possess a distinctive yellow tinge due to the stored cholesterol and fatty acids required for hormone synthesis. They are encased in a fibrous capsule and cushioned by fat.
The adrenal gland comprises two distinct regions...

Hormonal Regulation

Hormonal Regulation

The renin-aldosterone system is an endocrine system which guides the renal absorption of water and electrolytes, thus managing blood pressure and osmoregulation. Activation of the system begins in the kidneys with a small cluster of cells adjacent to the afferent and efferent blood vessels of the renal corpuscle. As the nephrons are filtering blood, juxtaglomerular cells monitor blood pressure. If they detect a decrease in pressure, they release the hormone renin into the bloodstream.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 8, 2026

A Novel Method: Super-selective Adrenal Venous Sampling

A Novel Method: Super-selective Adrenal Venous Sampling

Published on: September 15, 2017

Elementary studies on elevated steroidogenic factor-1 expression in aldosterone-producing adenoma.

Dongliang Hu¹, Jinzhi Ouyang, Zhun Wu

¹Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.

Urologic Oncology

|September 30, 2010

Summary

Elevated steroidogenic factor-1 (SF-1) expression is linked to adrenal aldosterone-producing adenoma (APA). Inhibiting SF-1 reduced tumor cell proliferation and increased apoptosis, suggesting SF-1 is an oncogenic factor.

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Primary Culture of Rat Adrenocortical Cells and Assays of Steroidogenic Functions

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Isolation, Fixation, and Immunofluorescence Imaging of Mouse Adrenal Glands

Isolation, Fixation, and Immunofluorescence Imaging of Mouse Adrenal Glands

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Last Updated: Jun 8, 2026

A Novel Method: Super-selective Adrenal Venous Sampling

A Novel Method: Super-selective Adrenal Venous Sampling

Published on: September 15, 2017

Primary Culture of Rat Adrenocortical Cells and Assays of Steroidogenic Functions

Primary Culture of Rat Adrenocortical Cells and Assays of Steroidogenic Functions

Published on: March 12, 2019

Isolation, Fixation, and Immunofluorescence Imaging of Mouse Adrenal Glands

Isolation, Fixation, and Immunofluorescence Imaging of Mouse Adrenal Glands

Published on: October 2, 2018

Area of Science:

Endocrinology
Oncology
Molecular Biology

Background:

Steroidogenic factor-1 (SF-1) expression is elevated in adrenal aldosterone-producing adenoma (APA).
The role of SF-1 in adrenal tumorigenesis requires further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the influence of SF-1 on adrenal tumorigenesis using the H295R adrenocortical cell line.
To determine the impact of SF-1 inhibition on cell proliferation and apoptosis.

Main Methods:

SF-1 expression was quantified in APA and normal adrenal samples using real-time PCR and Western blotting.
SF-1 was inhibited in H295R cells via shRNA transfection.
Cell proliferation, apoptosis (TUNEL), and Ki-67 expression were assessed.

Main Results:

SF-1 mRNA and protein levels were significantly higher in APA samples compared to normal adrenal tissues.
Inhibition of SF-1 significantly reduced H295R cell proliferation, evidenced by decreased Ki-67 staining.
SF-1 inhibition led to a significant increase in H295R cell apoptosis.

Conclusions:

Elevated SF-1 expression plays a crucial role in the formation of APA and primary aldosteronism.
SF-1 acts as an oncogenic factor in adrenal tumorigenesis.
Inhibiting SF-1 offers a potential therapeutic strategy for related adrenal diseases.