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Updated: Jun 8, 2026

Clinical Imaging of Microwave Mammography
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Clinical Imaging of Microwave Mammography

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Imaging arrays with improved transmit power capability.

Michael J Zipparo1, Kristin F Bing, Kathryn R Nightingale

  • 1W. L. Gore and Associates Inc., Englewood, CO, USA. mzipparo@wlgore.com

IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control
|September 30, 2010
PubMed
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Bonded multilayer ceramics using PZT4 offer improved ultrasound imaging by increasing transmit power and reducing heat. These advanced materials enhance array performance, leading to better image quality and diagnostic capabilities.

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Acoustics
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Ultrasound imaging arrays traditionally use PZT5-H piezoceramics.
  • Limitations include internal heating and lower acoustic transmit power.
  • Need for advanced materials to enhance transducer performance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize and evaluate bonded multilayer ceramics and composites for ultrasound imaging arrays.
  • To compare the performance of PZT4 multilayers with traditional PZT5-H.
  • To assess the impact on acoustic transmit power, heating, and image quality.

Main Methods:

  • Characterization of commercially available hard PZT materials (microstructure, processability, electroacoustic properties).
  • Fabrication and testing of three-layer PZT4 composites.

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  • Comparison of multilayer performance against PZT5-H in linear phased and curved arrays.
  • Evaluation of B-mode and acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI) imaging.

    • Main Results:

    • PZT4 composites demonstrated a higher dielectric constant, mechanical Q, and lower acoustic impedance than PZT5H.
    • Multilayer arrays achieved equivalent transmit intensity at lower voltage and reduced face temperature.
    • ARFI imaging showed increased displacement with PZT4 multilayers.
    • An increased failure rate in multilayers after extended operation was observed.

    Conclusions:

    • Bonded multilayer ceramics provide design flexibility for optimizing ultrasound arrays.
    • These materials enhance acoustic output and maintain image quality.
    • Further development of bonding processes is required for long-term reliability.