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Related Concept Videos

Rheumatic Heart Disease I: Introduction01:23

Rheumatic Heart Disease I: Introduction

Rheumatic heart disease or RHD is a chronic condition that results from rheumatic fever, causing permanent damage to the heart valves.Etiology and Risk FactorsIt primarily arises from rheumatic fever, an inflammatory disease that can develop after untreated or inadequately treated group A streptococcal (GAS) pharyngitis. Streptococcus spreads through direct contact with oral or respiratory secretions. While the bacteria are the causative agents, factors like malnutrition, overcrowding, poor...
Leishmaniasis01:30

Leishmaniasis

Leishmaniasis is a protozoal disease caused by species of the genus Leishmania and transmitted through the bite of infected female sandflies. The parasite exists in two principal morphological forms during its life cycle. A sandfly acquires intracellular amastigotes from an infected reservoir host, such as a dog. Within the sandfly, these forms differentiate into motile, flagellated promastigotes. During a subsequent blood meal, promastigotes are injected into the human host, where they...
Rheumatic Heart Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies01:22

Rheumatic Heart Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies

The key clinical manifestations of Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) include several distinct cardiac symptoms.Carditis, a hallmark of acute rheumatic fever, involves inflammation of the heart's endocardium, myocardium, and pericardium. Chronic RHD often results from recurrent episodes of carditis. Its symptoms include the following:Murmurs are caused by valvular damage, especially to the mitral and aortic valves. Mitral stenosis or regurgitation is common, with characteristic heart murmurs...
Lysosomal Hydrolases01:22

Lysosomal Hydrolases

Lysosomes are the site for the degradation of macromolecules and biological polymers released during membrane trafficking events such as secretory, endocytic, autophagic, and phagocytic pathways. The membrane-enclosed area of the lysosome, called the lumen, contains hydrolytic enzymes active in an acidic environment. These acid hydrolases are functional at a pH between 4.5 and 5 and are involved in cellular processes such as cell signaling, energy metabolism, restoration of the plasma membrane,...
Endocarditis II: Clinical Features of Infective Endocarditis01:25

Endocarditis II: Clinical Features of Infective Endocarditis

Endocarditis can present various clinical features depending on the causative organism and the patient's underlying health conditions. Initially, the clinical features of infective endocarditis develop gradually, presenting with nonspecific symptoms that can be easily mistaken for other illnesses.General SymptomsEarly symptoms of infective endocarditis are fever, chills, weakness, malaise, fatigue, and weight loss. These symptoms reflect the systemic nature of the infection and the body's...
Renal Tubule and Collecting Duct01:24

Renal Tubule and Collecting Duct

The renal tubule is divided into three parts: the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT), the Loop of Henle (LOH), and the distal convoluted tubule (DCT).
Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT):
The PCT is the initial segment of the renal tubule, extending from the Bowman's capsule that encloses the glomerulus. Its convoluted structure and microvilli-lined cells increase the surface area for reabsorption. The PCT reabsorbs glucose, amino acids, sodium, and water from the filtrate, ensuring essential...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 8, 2026

Dermoscopy Aids in the Diagnosis of Discoid Lupus Erythematosus
05:39

Dermoscopy Aids in the Diagnosis of Discoid Lupus Erythematosus

Published on: May 16, 2025

Ledderhose disease: an unusual presentation.

Dominique Fausto de Souza, Lilian Micaelo, Tullia Cuzzi

    The Journal of Clinical and Aesthetic Dermatology
    |September 30, 2010
    PubMed
    Summary

    Plantar fibromatosis, also known as Ledderhose disease, is a rare condition causing plantar aponeurosis thickening. This case study details a young woman

    Area of Science:

    • Dermatology
    • Orthopedics
    • Pathology

    Background:

    • Plantar fibromatosis (Ledderhose disease) is a rare hyperproliferative condition affecting the plantar aponeurosis.
    • It typically presents in middle-aged and older individuals and is more prevalent in men.
    • Association with other fibromatosis types is sometimes observed.

    Observation:

    • A 28-year-old Brazilian woman presented with a six-year history of bilateral plantar nodules.
    • The nodules were painless and located on the plantar aspect of both feet.

    Findings:

    • The case highlights a younger-than-typical onset of plantar fibromatosis.
    • Bilateral presentation in a premenopausal woman is noteworthy.

    Implications:

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    Last Updated: Jun 8, 2026

    Dermoscopy Aids in the Diagnosis of Discoid Lupus Erythematosus
    05:39

    Dermoscopy Aids in the Diagnosis of Discoid Lupus Erythematosus

    Published on: May 16, 2025

    • This case expands the known demographic profile for plantar fibromatosis.
    • Further research may explore genetic or environmental factors contributing to early-onset fibromatosis.
    • Understanding variations in presentation is crucial for accurate diagnosis and management.