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Related Concept Videos

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The iodine is then...
Major Hormones and Their Functions01:27

Major Hormones and Their Functions

Hormones, the biochemical messengers produced by endocrine glands, are pivotal in regulating bodily functions and maintaining homeostasis. Each hormone's balance is crucial; imbalances can lead to significant physiological disruptions. Major hormones include oxytocin, cortisol, epinephrine, estrogen, testosterone, thyroxine, growth hormone, insulin, and glucagon.
Oxytocin, produced in the hypothalamus and released by the pituitary gland, plays a role in social bonding, childbirth, and lactation.
Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
Regulation of Hormone Secretion01:19

Regulation of Hormone Secretion

Regulation of hormone secretion is a finely tuned orchestration driven by various types of stimuli, encompassing neural, humoral, and hormonal signals. Environmental cues instigate neural stimuli, where action potentials traverse nerve fibers to reach their designated targets. An illustrative scenario is the body's response to stress, wherein the sympathetic nervous system releases epinephrine from the adrenal glands, inducing the well-known 'fight or flight' reaction.
Humoral stimuli,...
Sulfur Assimilation01:20

Sulfur Assimilation

Sulfur is an essential element in biological systems, contributing to synthesizing key biomolecules, including amino acids such as cysteine and methionine, and cofactors such as coenzyme A and biotin. Microorganisms primarily assimilate sulfur as sulfate (SO₄²⁻) from the environment, which must undergo a series of biochemical transformations before it can be incorporated into cellular components. As sulfate is highly oxidized, it must undergo assimilatory sulfate reduction to become...
Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 8, 2026

In vivo Characterization of Endocrine Disrupting Chemical Effects via Thyroid Hormone Action Indicator Mouse
04:14

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Published on: October 6, 2023

Thyroid hormones regulate selenoprotein expression and selenium status in mice.

Jens Mittag1, Thomas Behrends, Carolin S Hoefig

  • 1Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.

Plos One
|September 30, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Thyroid hormone (TH) status influences selenium metabolism and selenoprotein expression. This bidirectional regulation helps explain how both systems decline in critical illness.

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Nutritional Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Selenium is crucial for thyroid hormone (TH) homeostasis, with deficiency linked to altered TH levels and axis downregulation in critical illness.
  • The reciprocal relationship, where TH status influences selenium metabolism, remains largely unexplored.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of TH status on selenium metabolism and selenoprotein expression.
  • To elucidate the role of thyroid hormone receptor alpha 1 (TRα1) in selenium regulation.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of serum selenium and selenoprotein levels in mice with genetic alterations in TH receptors (TRα1+m, TRβ inactivation).
  • Assessment of mRNA levels for enzymes involved in selenoprotein biosynthesis.
  • Evaluation of the effects of oral TH administration on selenium status.

Main Results:

  • Mice with hypothyroidism due to mutant TRα1 exhibited reduced serum selenium levels.
  • Hyperthyroidism, induced genetically or by TH treatment, increased serum selenium levels.
  • TH significantly altered mRNA expression of selenoprotein biosynthesis enzymes and affected serum selenoprotein P concentrations.

Conclusions:

  • Thyroid hormone status positively regulates serum selenium levels and influences the expression of key selenoproteins.
  • A feed-forward regulatory loop exists between TH and selenium metabolism.
  • This interconnectedness provides a partial explanation for the parallel decline of both systems during critical illness.