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Gross Anatomy of Bone

Gross Anatomy of Bone

The two main features of a long bone are the diaphysis and the epiphysis.
The diaphysis is the tubular shaft that runs between the proximal and distal ends of the bone. The walls of the diaphysis are composed of dense and hard compact bone made of numerous osteons — the functional unit of the compact bone. The hollow region in the diaphysis is called the medullary cavity, which harbors the bone marrow. In infants and children, this marrow cavity is filled with red marrow, whereas in adults, it...

Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna

Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna

The ulna and radius are parallel bones of the antebrachium or the forearm. The ulna lies medially and consists of a bony tip called the olecranon process at its proximal end. This hook-like projection articulates with the olecranon fossa of the humerus and forms the "hinged" ulnohumeral part of the elbow joint. This joint facilitates forearm extension and flexion while preventing its hyperextension. Similarly, the coronoid process, another bony projection on the proximal/anterior side of the...

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus

The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...

Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius

Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius

The radius is longer of the two bones that make up the human antebrachium or forearm. At the proximal end, the radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna to form the elbow joint. At the distal end, the radius articulates with the ulna via the ulnar notch, forming the distal radioulnar joint. Distally, the radius also attaches to the carpal wrist bones (scaphoid and lunate) to form the radiocarpal joint.
The radius has a nail-shaped head, and a short...

Bone Markings

Bone Markings

Bones have various surface features that help form joints and attach to other soft tissues. Depending on the function, bone markings are categorized into articulating projections, processes for attachment, depressions, and openings.
Articulating Projections
Articulating projections are found where two bones meet to form a joint. These structures are usually found at the ends of bones. The largest articulation is a rounded projection called the head, supported by a narrow neck at the ends of...

Blood and Nerve Supply to the Bones

Blood and Nerve Supply to the Bones

Bones are dynamic organs that require a rich supply of oxygen and nutrients. Around 5% to 10% of the cardiac output supplies blood to the bones. A typical long bone has three main sources: the nutrient artery, the metaphyseal and epiphyseal arteries, and the periosteal arteries.
Nutrient Artery
The nutrient artery is the main blood vessel that enters the diaphysis via the nutrient foramen. While most long bones have only one nutrient foramen, large bones, such as the femur, may have two. This...

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Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 8, 2026

Implantation of Miniosmotic Pumps and Delivery of Tract Tracers to Study Brain Reorganization in Pathophysiological Conditions

Implantation of Miniosmotic Pumps and Delivery of Tract Tracers to Study Brain Reorganization in Pathophysiological Conditions

Published on: January 18, 2016

[Stroke and epiphysis].

E B Arushanian, S S Naumov

Zhurnal Nevrologii I Psikhiatrii Imeni S.S. Korsakova

|September 30, 2010

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

The epiphysis gland and its hormone melatonin protect the brain from stroke by regulating natural bodily rhythms. Melatonin shows neuroprotective effects, suggesting its use in stroke prevention and treatment, especially for older adults.

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Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Endocrinology
Chronobiology

Context:

Stroke is a significant cause of mortality and morbidity, with complex underlying mechanisms.
The pineal gland (epiphysis) and its hormone melatonin play roles in circadian rhythms and physiological regulation.
Understanding the brain's natural defense mechanisms against ischemic events is crucial for developing effective therapies.

Purpose:

To review the role of the epiphysis and melatonin in the brain's natural protection against stroke.
To explore the chronobiological aspects of stroke in relation to the epiphysis's function.
To present experimental evidence supporting melatonin's neuroprotective effects in cerebral ischemia.

Summary:

The epiphysis, a key endocrine gland, produces melatonin, which is involved in the body's natural defense against stroke.
Experimental data indicate that cerebral ischemia is influenced by epiphysis activity and exogenous melatonin administration.
Melatonin demonstrates both systemic and direct neuroprotective actions, mitigating stroke-related brain damage.

Impact:

Findings suggest melatonin's potential as a therapeutic agent in the complex prevention and treatment of stroke.
Melatonin may be particularly beneficial for elderly patients experiencing age-related decline in pineal gland function.
This research highlights the importance of chronobiology and hormonal regulation in neuroprotection and stroke management.