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Related Concept Videos

Hepatitis01:25

Hepatitis

Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver. The...
Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction01:28

Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction

Viral hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver caused by infection with hepatotropic viruses, most commonly hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Despite variations in structure and transmission, all viruses mentioned infect hepatocytes and provoke immune responses that can hinder liver function. Additionally, some non-hepatotropic viruses can also lead to hepatic inflammation.Hepatitis A VirusHepatitis A virus (HAV) is transmitted through the fecal–oral route, typically by ingestion of food...
Diphtheria01:28

Diphtheria

Diphtheria is an acute, toxin-mediated infectious disease that primarily affects the upper respiratory tract. It is caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae, a Gram-positive, pleomorphic rod that lacks spore-forming capability and exhibits a characteristic club-shaped morphology under microscopic examination. While C. diphtheriae can asymptomatically colonize mucosal surfaces, clinical disease manifests only when the bacterial strain is lysogenized by a specific β-corynephage. This phage...
Yellow Fever01:18

Yellow Fever

Yellow fever is a viral hemorrhagic disease caused by the yellow fever virus (YFV), a member of the Flaviviridae family. It is transmitted primarily by Aedes and Haemagogus mosquitoes in tropical and subtropical regions of Africa and South America. After transmission through a mosquito bite, the virus initially replicates in skin-resident immune cells such as dendritic cells and macrophages. These cells then migrate to the lymph nodes, where viral replication increases, eventually leading to...
Cirrhosis I: Introduction01:23

Cirrhosis I: Introduction

Cirrhosis is a chronic, irreversible liver disease characterized by the widespread replacement of healthy liver tissue with fibrotic scar tissue and the formation of regenerative nodules.Etiology of cirrhosisCirrhosis results from sustained liver injury that triggers progressive fibrosis and structural remodeling. The underlying causes are diverse, encompassing common and less frequent clinical conditions. Regardless of the origin, all causes lead to chronic inflammation, hepatocyte loss, and...
Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder01:26

Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder

Liver and gallbladder diseases are a significant health concern, with prominent conditions including cirrhosis, hepatitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and gallstones. Jaundice is a common manifestation of liver and biliary disease.
Cirrhosis is characterized by the scarring of hepatic lobules in the liver, which are replaced by fibrous tissue, affecting the liver's normal functioning. NAFLD, on the other hand, is caused by an excessive build-up of fat in the liver, not related to...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 8, 2026

A Cell Culture Model for Producing High Titer Hepatitis E Virus Stocks
10:28

A Cell Culture Model for Producing High Titer Hepatitis E Virus Stocks

Published on: June 26, 2020

Hepatitis D virus: an update.

Stéphanie Pascarella1, Francesco Negro

  • 1Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.

Liver International : Official Journal of the International Association for the Study of the Liver
|October 1, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hepatitis D virus (HDV) infection, requiring hepatitis B virus (HBV), causes severe liver disease. Superinfection with HDV in chronic HBV carriers often leads to cirrhosis, with limited treatment options.

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Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction-Based Detection and Quantification of Hepatitis B Virus DNA
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Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction-Based Detection and Quantification of Hepatitis B Virus DNA

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A Cell Culture Model for Producing High Titer Hepatitis E Virus Stocks
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Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction-Based Detection and Quantification of Hepatitis B Virus DNA
04:11

Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction-Based Detection and Quantification of Hepatitis B Virus DNA

Published on: December 15, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Hepatology
  • Virology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Hepatitis D virus (HDV) is a unique RNA agent that requires hepatitis B virus (HBV) for its replication and infectivity.
  • HDV infection occurs globally, with distinct genotypes influencing disease severity and outcomes.
  • Two primary infection patterns exist: co-infection with HBV and HDV, or HDV superinfection in chronic HBV carriers.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of Hepatitis D virus (HDV) infection.
  • To elucidate the characteristics of HDV, its life cycle, and disease progression.
  • To discuss diagnostic methods and current therapeutic strategies for HDV infection.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on HDV epidemiology, virology, and clinical manifestations.
  • Analysis of HDV replication mechanisms within hepatocytes.
  • Examination of diagnostic markers and treatment efficacy.

Main Results:

  • HDV superinfection in chronic HBV carriers predominantly leads to chronic hepatitis D and liver cirrhosis.
  • HDV replication involves a circular RNA genome and occurs in the hepatocyte nucleus.
  • Diagnosis relies on detecting anti-HD antibodies and HDV RNA in serum.

Conclusions:

  • Chronic hepatitis D is a severe liver disease characterized by necro-inflammation and fibrosis, potentially progressing to cirrhosis.
  • Current treatments, primarily pegylated interferon-α, show limited efficacy (around 20%).
  • Liver transplantation remains an option for end-stage liver failure due to HDV infection.