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Related Concept Videos

Glaucoma: Overview01:25

Glaucoma: Overview

Glaucoma is an eye condition characterized by increased intraocular pressure that damages the retina and optic nerve, leading to irreversible blindness if left untreated. The human eye has various components, including the cornea, iris, pupil, lens, and optic nerve. Aqueous humor is secreted by the epithelium of the ciliary body in the posterior chamber and flows through the trabecular meshwork and canal of Schlemm, maintaining normal intraocular pressure. The trabecular meshwork and the canal...
Open Angle Glaucoma: Treatment01:27

Open Angle Glaucoma: Treatment

In open-angle glaucoma, the iridocorneal angle remains open, but the trabecular meshwork becomes stiff, slowing down the outflow of aqueous humor. This causes a buildup of aqueous humor in the anterior chamber, leading to a sudden increase in intraocular pressure. The treatment for open-angle glaucoma focuses on reducing the elevated intraocular pressure by either decreasing the secretion of aqueous humor or increasing its outflow.
Drugs such as carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, α2- and...
Angle Closure Glaucoma: Treatment01:28

Angle Closure Glaucoma: Treatment

Angle-closure glaucoma, or closed-angle glaucoma, is an eye condition where the iris bulges out and blocks the iridocorneal angle, resulting in a buildup of aqueous humor and increased intraocular pressure. Immediate medical attention is necessary due to the sudden onset of symptoms. The treatment for angle-closure glaucoma includes short-term and long-term approaches. Short-term treatment involves using eye drops like pilocarpine to lower intraocular pressure by increasing aqueous humor...
Focusing of Light in the Eye01:16

Focusing of Light in the Eye

Light rays enter the eye through the cornea, a transparent dome-shaped tissue that is the eye's outermost layer. The cornea bends or refracts, light rays traveling to the pupil. The shape of the cornea determines how much of the light is bent and whether the image will be focused correctly on the retina at the back of the eye. Once the light has passed through both refraction layers, it converges into a single focal point onto a small area. This is where photoreceptors start transforming...
Diabetic Retinopathy01:27

Diabetic Retinopathy

DefinitionDiabetic retinopathy is a microvascular complication of diabetes affecting the retinal blood vessels.Risk FactorsDiabetic retinopathy is present in almost all individuals with type 1 diabetes and more than 60% of those with type 2 diabetes after two decades of disease.The risk increases with poor glycemic control, hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking, pregnancy, and puberty.Although cataracts and glaucoma are also more frequent in people with diabetes, retinopathy remains the leading...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 8, 2026

Assessing Early Stage Open-Angle Glaucoma in Patients by Isolated-Check Visual Evoked Potential
07:11

Assessing Early Stage Open-Angle Glaucoma in Patients by Isolated-Check Visual Evoked Potential

Published on: May 25, 2020

Initial arcuate defects within the central 10 degrees in glaucoma.

Donald C Hood1, Ali S Raza, Carlos Gustavo V de Moraes

  • 1Departments of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA. dch3@columbia.edu

Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science
|October 1, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Glaucoma patients with arcuate visual field defects show corresponding retinal nerve fiber layer damage. This damage originates temporally at the optic disc, creating characteristic visual field patterns in the macula.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 8, 2026

Assessing Early Stage Open-Angle Glaucoma in Patients by Isolated-Check Visual Evoked Potential
07:11

Assessing Early Stage Open-Angle Glaucoma in Patients by Isolated-Check Visual Evoked Potential

Published on: May 25, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Glaucoma is characterized by progressive optic nerve damage and visual field loss.
  • Arcuate defects are a common pattern of visual field loss in glaucoma, often affecting the macula.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the spatial relationship between functional visual field (VF) loss and structural axon loss in glaucoma patients with arcuate defects.
  • To correlate macular VF abnormalities with retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness patterns.

Main Methods:

  • Analyzed 11 eyes with arcuate glaucomatous VF defects confined to the macula using 10-2 and 24-2 VF tests.
  • Assessed RNFL thickness of the macula using frequency-domain optical coherence tomography (fdOCT).
  • Identified RNFL defect locations on peripapillary fdOCT scans.

Main Results:

  • VF arcuate defects extended close to fixation (within 1°), primarily in the superior hemifield (10/11 eyes).
  • Macular fdOCT scans revealed arcuate RNFL damage in all eyes.
  • Peripapillary scans showed RNFL defects involving temporal and inferior temporal optic disc regions.

Conclusions:

  • Glaucomatous arcuate RNFL defects at the macula originate temporally at the optic disc.
  • These defects can manifest as arcuate scotomas or a