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Related Concept Videos

Influenza01:27

Influenza

Influenza is an acute, highly communicable viral disease that affects the respiratory tract and is responsible for seasonal epidemics worldwide. Influenza A is the most prevalent type associated with widespread outbreaks and is subtyped based on two surface glycoproteins: hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N), as in H1N1. These glycoproteins are essential for viral infectivity, transmission, and immune recognition. Transmission occurs primarily through respiratory droplets and contaminated...
Viral Mutations00:36

Viral Mutations

A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material for adaptive...
Viral Recombination00:57

Viral Recombination

Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.
Inhibitors Of Virion Release01:25

Inhibitors Of Virion Release

Viral replication and dissemination rely on efficient mechanisms for host cell entry, genome replication, assembly, and release. Influenza viruses, such as types A and B, are negative-sense single-stranded RNA viruses with a segmented genome, that depend on two critical surface glycoproteins to carry out these processes: hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). HA initiates infection by binding to sialic acid residues on the surface of host epithelial cells, facilitating receptor-mediated...
Arboviral Encephalitis01:25

Arboviral Encephalitis

Arboviral encephalitis refers to brain inflammation caused by arthropod-borne viruses, particularly those transmitted through mosquito vectors. Among these, West Nile virus (WNV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is a significant public health concern. WNV is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. Human infection typically begins when an infected mosquito introduces the virus into the dermis during feeding. The primary transmission cycle involves birds as amplifying hosts...
Leaky Scanning02:28

Leaky Scanning

During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R stands for...

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Updated: Jun 8, 2026

Nasal Wipes for Influenza A Virus Detection and Isolation from Swine
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Nasal Wipes for Influenza A Virus Detection and Isolation from Swine

Published on: December 4, 2015

Avian influenza: update.

Sean Adams1, Christian Sandrock

  • 1Department of Population Health and Reproduction, University of California, Davis, Davis, Calif., USA.

Medical Principles and Practice : International Journal of the Kuwait University, Health Science Centre
|October 1, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza (AIV) is a zoonotic disease causing human mortality. Ongoing viral evolution and emerging sublineages necessitate continued surveillance and preventative measures.

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Influenza A Virus Studies in a Mouse Model of Infection
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Influenza A Virus Studies in a Mouse Model of Infection

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Last Updated: Jun 8, 2026

Nasal Wipes for Influenza A Virus Detection and Isolation from Swine
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Nasal Wipes for Influenza A Virus Detection and Isolation from Swine

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Rapid Diagnosis of Avian Influenza Virus in Wild Birds: Use of a Portable rRT-PCR and Freeze-dried Reagents in the Field
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Rapid Diagnosis of Avian Influenza Virus in Wild Birds: Use of a Portable rRT-PCR and Freeze-dried Reagents in the Field

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Influenza A Virus Studies in a Mouse Model of Infection
10:44

Influenza A Virus Studies in a Mouse Model of Infection

Published on: September 7, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Medicine
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Avian influenza virus (AIV) is an important zoonotic disease endemic in Southeast Asia.
  • Highly pathogenic H5N1 strains have caused significant human mortality and morbidity.
  • H5N1 infections can range from asymptomatic to severe pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and death.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the epidemiology of AIV, focusing on H5N1.
  • To discuss the host range, clinical features, and treatment options for AIV.
  • To outline recommended preventative measures for AIV, particularly H5N1.

Main Methods:

  • Review of epidemiological data on H5N1 cases and deaths since 2003.
  • Analysis of the genetic evolution of H5N1 sublineages.
  • Assessment of drug resistance and receptor binding properties of emerging strains.

Main Results:

  • H5N1 cases and deaths have decreased since 2006, but genetically distinct sublineages continue to emerge.
  • Emerging H5N1 sublineages show varying drug resistance and potential for increased human receptor binding.
  • Efficient human-to-human transmissibility has not been observed, but viral evolution remains a concern.

Conclusions:

  • Continued monitoring of H5N1 evolution is crucial due to potential for increased transmissibility.
  • Understanding AIV epidemiology and host range is vital for public health.
  • Prophylaxis, treatment, and preventative strategies are essential for managing AIV threats.