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Related Concept Videos

Diffusion01:12

Diffusion

Diffusion is the passive movement of substances down their concentration gradients—requiring no expenditure of cellular energy. Substances, such as molecules or ions, diffuse from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration in the cytosol or across membranes. Eventually, the concentration will even out, with the substance moving randomly but causing no net change in concentration. Such a state is called dynamic equilibrium, which is essential for maintaining overall...
Diffusion01:21

Diffusion

Diffusion is a type of passive transport. In passive transport, a substance tends to move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until the concentration is equal across the space. For example, take the diffusion of substances through the air. When someone opens a perfume bottle in a room filled with people, the perfume is at its highest concentration in the bottle and is at its lowest at the edges of the room. The perfume vapor will diffuse, or spread away, from the...
Passive Diffusion: Overview and Kinetics01:17

Passive Diffusion: Overview and Kinetics

Passive diffusion is a critical process that allows small lipophilic drugs to cross the cell membrane along a concentration gradient. This mechanism's efficiency depends on four primary factors: the membrane's surface area, the drug's lipid-water partition coefficient, the concentration gradient, and the membrane's thickness.
When administered orally, drugs establish a substantial concentration gradient between the gastrointestinal (GI) lumen and the bloodstream, expediting their diffusion into...
Diffusion on Chromatography Columns01:07

Diffusion on Chromatography Columns

In column chromatography, when an analyte is introduced as a narrow band at the top of the column, the solutes begin to separate and broaden, developing a Gaussian profile. This broadening occurs due to various factors, such as longitudinal diffusion.
Longitudinal diffusion occurs when the solute molecules in the mobile phase diffuse from the more concentrated center of the chromatographic band to the more dilute regions on either side, both towards and against the flow direction. This...
Behavior of Gas Molecules: Molecular Diffusion, Mean Free Path, and Effusion03:48

Behavior of Gas Molecules: Molecular Diffusion, Mean Free Path, and Effusion

Although gaseous molecules travel at tremendous speeds (hundreds of meters per second), they collide with other gaseous molecules and travel in many different directions before reaching the desired target. At room temperature, a gaseous molecule will experience billions of collisions per second. The mean free path is the average distance a molecule travels between collisions. The mean free path increases with decreasing pressure; in general, the mean free path for a gaseous molecule will be...
Protein Diffusion in the Membrane01:24

Protein Diffusion in the Membrane

Proteins show rotational as well as lateral diffusion across the membrane. The lateral diffusion of proteins was confirmed through the cell fusion experiment where mouse and human cells were fused, resulting in hybrid cells. When the human and mouse cells fused, the specific membrane proteins on human and mouse cells were marked with the red and green-fluorescent markers, respectively. Initially, the red and green fluorescence was located on the respective hemisphere of the cell. As time...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 8, 2026

In Situ Monitoring of Diffusion of Guest Molecules in Porous Media Using Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Imaging
06:34

In Situ Monitoring of Diffusion of Guest Molecules in Porous Media Using Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Imaging

Published on: September 2, 2016

Quantitative BOLD: the effect of diffusion.

John D Dickson1, Tom W J Ash, Guy B Williams

  • 1Department of Physics, Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK. jdd36@cam.ac.uk

Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging : JMRI
|October 1, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study enhances quantitative blood oxygenation level-dependent (qBOLD) imaging by incorporating proton diffusion and reducing scan times. The new method provides more accurate blood oxygenation measurements for clinical use.

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Image Processing Protocol for the Analysis of the Diffusion and Cluster Size of Membrane Receptors by Fluorescence Microscopy
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Mapping Molecular Diffusion in the Plasma Membrane by Multiple-Target Tracing (MTT)
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Mapping Molecular Diffusion in the Plasma Membrane by Multiple-Target Tracing (MTT)

Published on: May 27, 2012

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 8, 2026

In Situ Monitoring of Diffusion of Guest Molecules in Porous Media Using Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Imaging
06:34

In Situ Monitoring of Diffusion of Guest Molecules in Porous Media Using Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Imaging

Published on: September 2, 2016

Image Processing Protocol for the Analysis of the Diffusion and Cluster Size of Membrane Receptors by Fluorescence Microscopy
12:15

Image Processing Protocol for the Analysis of the Diffusion and Cluster Size of Membrane Receptors by Fluorescence Microscopy

Published on: April 9, 2019

Mapping Molecular Diffusion in the Plasma Membrane by Multiple-Target Tracing (MTT)
12:19

Mapping Molecular Diffusion in the Plasma Membrane by Multiple-Target Tracing (MTT)

Published on: May 27, 2012

Area of Science:

  • Medical Imaging
  • Biophysics
  • Neuroimaging

Background:

  • Quantitative blood oxygenation level-dependent (qBOLD) MRI is crucial for assessing brain oxygenation.
  • Traditional qBOLD models often overlook proton diffusion effects, potentially limiting accuracy.
  • Reducing acquisition times is essential for clinical translation of advanced MRI techniques.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a diffusion-aware qBOLD model for improved clinical applicability.
  • To significantly decrease MRI acquisition times for qBOLD measurements.
  • To validate the enhanced qBOLD method using real patient data.

Main Methods:

  • Simulated proton diffusion signals within a vascular network using Monte Carlo methods.
  • Constructed a diffusive qBOLD model based on simulation results.
  • Implemented parallel imaging and integrated fieldmapping to accelerate Gradient Echo Sampling of a Spin Echo (GESSE) acquisition.

Main Results:

  • Proton diffusion significantly impacts qBOLD signal formation and fitted parameters.
  • Acquisition times for GESSE were reduced to under 10 minutes with high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR).
  • The diffusive model demonstrated a closer fit to real-world data compared to static models.

Conclusions:

  • Integrated field mapping and parallel imaging enable clinically feasible acquisition times for qBOLD.
  • The diffusive qBOLD model provides more robust and realistic measurements of T2 and blood oxygenation.
  • This advancement enhances the clinical utility of qBOLD for neuroimaging applications.