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Related Concept Videos

Nursing Assessment of the Genitourinary System I: Health History01:21

Nursing Assessment of the Genitourinary System I: Health History

The genitourinary system is critical to maintaining fluid balance, waste elimination, and reproductive function. Nurses play a vital role in assessing this system, beginning with a thorough health history. This process involves gathering patient information, identifying risk factors, and recognizing symptoms of genitourinary disorders. Early detection is vital for timely interventions and management.1. Gathering Patient InformationA complete health history includes the patient’s personal,...
Physiology of the Genitourinary System III: Urine Concentration and Dilution01:20

Physiology of the Genitourinary System III: Urine Concentration and Dilution

The kidneys concentrate or dilute urine to maintain water and electrolyte balance. Nephrons, particularly the loop of Henle, play a crucial role in this process through the countercurrent multiplication system. This system establishes a high osmolarity in the renal medulla, which is essential for water reabsorption. In the loop of Henle’s descending limb, water is reabsorbed into the surrounding medulla due to its permeability to water. In contrast, the ascending limb actively transports...
Anatomy of the Genitourinary System II: Bladder and Urethra01:19

Anatomy of the Genitourinary System II: Bladder and Urethra

The lower urinary system consists of the urinary bladder and urethra, which are essential in storing and expelling urine from the body. Together with the internal and external sphincters, these structures work together to regulate urination effectively.Anatomy of the BladderThe urinary bladder is a muscular, stretchable organ behind the pubic bone and in front of the rectum. In females, the bladder is positioned anterior to the vagina and inferior to the uterus, while in males, it is located...
The Micturition Reflex01:26

The Micturition Reflex

Urination, or micturition involves the coordination of the bladder's detrusor muscle and two sphincters to ensure controlled bladder emptying.
The process begins with bladder filling, where the bladder wall stretches as urine accumulates. This stretching activates the urine storage reflex, mediated by the sacral spinal segments and the pontine storage center. Efferent sympathetic impulses stimulate the detrusor muscle to relax and the internal urethral sphincter to contract, facilitating urine...
Physiology of Urine Formation01:24

Physiology of Urine Formation

Urine formation is an essential function of the human body. It plays a critical role in maintaining homeostasis by regulating the volume and composition of body fluids. The kidneys, the primary organs involved in this process, filter blood to remove waste products and excess substances, ultimately producing urine.
Glomerular Filtration
The first stage in urine formation is glomerular filtration. Each kidney contains approximately 1 million nephrons, the functional units of filtration, with a...
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The urinary system consists of two kidneys, two ureters, the urinary bladder, and the urethra.
The kidneys are bean-shaped organs located in the retroperitoneal space, on either side of the vertebral column, between the T12 and L3 vertebrae. They are partially protected by the rib cage and surrounded by perirenal fat, which provides cushioning. They are responsible for urine formation and play critical roles in regulating blood pressure, electrolyte levels, and hormone production. The ureters...

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Updated: Jun 8, 2026

Real-Time Void Spot Assay
06:39

Real-Time Void Spot Assay

Published on: February 10, 2023

Urinary continence across the life course.

Kathryn Smith1, Stacey Mizokawa, Ann Neville-Jan

  • 1Department of Pediatrics, University of Southern California, University Center for Excellence in Developmental Disabilities, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, 4650 Sunset Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA. kasmith@chla.usc.edu

Pediatric Clinics of North America
|October 2, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Spina bifida, a common neural tube defect, requires lifelong management of urinary continence and urologic complications. Pediatricians play a key role in the urologic care of children with spina bifida.

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Ultrasonography of the Adult Male Urinary Tract for Urinary Functional Testing
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Published on: August 14, 2019

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Last Updated: Jun 8, 2026

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Ultrasonography of the Adult Male Urinary Tract for Urinary Functional Testing
05:25

Ultrasonography of the Adult Male Urinary Tract for Urinary Functional Testing

Published on: August 14, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Urology
  • Pediatrics

Background:

  • Spina bifida is a common congenital central nervous system defect affecting spinal cord development.
  • Urologic complications, including renal damage, are severe risks, impacting long-term health.
  • Increased survival rates necessitate a focus on quality of life, particularly urinary continence.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the literature on urinary continence in spina bifida.
  • To discuss lifelong urologic issues and clinical implications.
  • To highlight the pediatrician's role in managing spina bifida-related urologic care.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on spina bifida and urinary continence.
  • Analysis of urologic complications across the lifespan.
  • Discussion of clinical practice and pediatrician's role.

Main Results:

  • Most children with spina bifida have normal urinary tracts initially, but complications can arise.
  • Prevention of urologic issues and promotion of continence are critical for adult survival.
  • Pediatricians are central to the urologic care and management of these patients.

Conclusions:

  • Lifelong urologic care is essential for individuals with spina bifida.
  • Effective management strategies improve quality of life and prevent severe complications.
  • Enhanced pediatrician involvement ensures comprehensive care for spina bifida patients.