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Spinal Nerves: Plexus I

Spinal Nerves: Plexus I

Nerve plexuses are networks of interlacing nerves that serve as communication hubs to distribute and organize nerve action across various body regions. The nerve plexuses are organized into the cervical plexus located in the neck region, brachial plexus in the shoulder area, lumbar plexus found in the lower back, sacral plexus situated in the pelvis, and coccygeal plexus located in the coccygeal region.
The Cervical Plexus
The cervical plexus, formed by the anterior rami of the first four...

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus

The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...

Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna

Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna

The ulna and radius are parallel bones of the antebrachium or the forearm. The ulna lies medially and consists of a bony tip called the olecranon process at its proximal end. This hook-like projection articulates with the olecranon fossa of the humerus and forms the "hinged" ulnohumeral part of the elbow joint. This joint facilitates forearm extension and flexion while preventing its hyperextension. Similarly, the coronoid process, another bony projection on the proximal/anterior side of the...

Arteries of the Upper Limbs

Arteries of the Upper Limbs

The subclavian artery transitions into the axillary artery as it exits the chest and enters the axillary region. This artery is critical for supplying blood to the shoulder area, including the head of the humerus, through the humeral circumflex arteries. As the vessel continues into the upper arm or brachium, it becomes the brachial artery. This artery plays a key role in vascularizing the brachial region and bifurcates at the elbow into several branches. These branches include the deep...

Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius

Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius

The radius is longer of the two bones that make up the human antebrachium or forearm. At the proximal end, the radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna to form the elbow joint. At the distal end, the radius articulates with the ulna via the ulnar notch, forming the distal radioulnar joint. Distally, the radius also attaches to the carpal wrist bones (scaphoid and lunate) to form the radiocarpal joint.
The radius has a nail-shaped head, and a short...

Muscles that Move the Forearm

Muscles that Move the Forearm

The muscles that move the forearms can be divided into four groups: forearm flexors, forearm extensors, forearm pronators, and forearm supinators. The flexors and extensors act on the elbow joint, while the pronators and supinators act on the radioulnar joints.
Forearm Flexors
The biceps brachii, brachialis, and brachioradialis are forearm flexors. The biceps brachii is made up of two heads. Its long head originates at the supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula, whereas that of the short head is...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 8, 2026

Ultrasound-Guided Needle Release Combined with Corticosteroid Injection for the Treatment of Supinator Syndrome

Ultrasound-Guided Needle Release Combined with Corticosteroid Injection for the Treatment of Supinator Syndrome

Published on: May 26, 2023

Nerve injuries about the elbow.

Sanaz Hariri¹, Timothy R McAdams

¹Sports Medicine, Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, 1169 Trinity Drive, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA.

Clinics in Sports Medicine

|October 2, 2010

Summary

Athletes experience nerve injuries like cubital tunnel syndrome due to repetitive elbow stress. Diagnosis relies on history and physical exams, with rest as the primary treatment.

Area of Science:

Orthopedics
Sports Medicine
Neurology

Background:

Athletes experience nerve traction and compression around the elbow from forceful, repetitive stresses.
Throwing athletes are particularly at risk for nerve entrapment syndromes.
Cubital tunnel syndrome, affecting the ulnar nerve, is the most prevalent neuropathy in the elbow region.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the common nerve injuries in athletes around the elbow.
To highlight the diagnostic challenges and effective treatment strategies for these conditions.

Main Methods:

Review of literature on athletic elbow neuropathies.
Emphasis on clinical diagnosis including history and physical examination.
Discussion of treatment options ranging from conservative management to surgical interventions.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 8, 2026

Ultrasound-Guided Needle Release Combined with Corticosteroid Injection for the Treatment of Supinator Syndrome

Ultrasound-Guided Needle Release Combined with Corticosteroid Injection for the Treatment of Supinator Syndrome

Published on: May 26, 2023

Main Results:

Nerve injury patterns are determined by the specific nerve's anatomy and innervation.
History and physical examination are crucial for accurate diagnosis, often more so than electrodiagnostic testing or imaging.
Active rest is the initial treatment of choice for most elbow neuropathies.

Conclusions:

Accurate diagnosis of athletic elbow neuropathies relies heavily on clinical assessment.
Conservative management, particularly active rest, should be initiated first.
Personalized surgical and rehabilitation protocols are essential for optimizing outcomes in complex cases.