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Related Concept Videos

Glucagon-like Receptor Agonists01:24

Glucagon-like Receptor Agonists

Incretins include glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), which stimulate insulin secretion post-meals. In type 2 diabetes, GIP's efficacy is reduced, making GLP-1 a viable drug target. GIP originates from preproGIP.
GLP-1, when administered in high doses intravenously, triggers insulin secretion, inhibits glucagon release, slows gastric emptying, reduces food intake, and restores normal insulin secretion. However, its rapid inactivation by the...
Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Glinides01:06

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Glinides

Repaglinide (Prandin) and Nateglinide (Starlix), known as glinides, are oral insulin secretagogues that stimulate insulin release from pancreatic β cells by closing the ATP-sensitive potassium channels (KATP channel). Repaglinide controls insulin release from pancreatic β cells by managing potassium efflux. It shares two binding sites with sulfonylureas and also has a unique site, indicating overlapping mechanisms of action. With a rapid onset and a 4-7 hour duration, it effectively manages...
Drugs for Treatment of Crohn's Disease in IBD Using Glucocorticoids01:21

Drugs for Treatment of Crohn's Disease in IBD Using Glucocorticoids

Glucocorticoids, a class of anti-inflammatory drugs, are pivotal in treating moderate to severe Crohn's disease by inducing remission. They exhibit their anti-inflammatory action by inhibiting the production of inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1, and chemokines like IL-8. In addition, they reduce the expression of inflammatory cell adhesion molecules and inhibit gene transcription of nitric oxide synthase, phospholipase A2, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2),...
Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects01:16

Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects

Insulin-replacement therapy usually includes both long-acting insulin (basal) and short-acting insulin (to cater to postprandial needs). In a diverse group of type 1 diabetes patients, the average daily insulin dose is typically 0.5-0.7 units/kg body weight. However, obese patients and pubertal adolescents may need more due to insulin resistance.
The basal dose constitutes about 40%-50% of the total daily dose, with the rest as premeal insulin. The mealtime insulin dose should mirror...
Drug Accumulation During Multiple Dosing: Repetitive IV Injections01:21

Drug Accumulation During Multiple Dosing: Repetitive IV Injections

Calculating drug dosage and accumulation in multiple-dose regimens is crucial for achieving therapeutic efficacy while avoiding toxicity. This involves determining the plasma drug concentrations over time to optimize dosing schedules. The principle of superposition is fundamental in this process, allowing for the prediction of drug concentration in plasma following multiple doses based on single-dose data.The principle of superposition asserts that the plasma concentration-time curves from...
Type I Diabetes III: Clinical Manifestations01:19

Type I Diabetes III: Clinical Manifestations

Type 1 diabetes mellitus typically presents with rapid-onset symptoms due to the body’s inability to utilize glucose in the absence of insulin. Since insulin is required for glucose uptake into cells, its deficiency leads to hyperglycemia and cellular energy deprivation, resulting in characteristic clinical features.Polyuria and PolydipsiaOne of the earliest, most prominent symptoms is polyuria (excessive urination). When blood glucose concentrations rise above the renal threshold, the kidneys...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 8, 2026

Incorporation of a Survivable Liver Biopsy Procedure in Mice to Assess Non-alcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH) Resolution
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Clinical experience with liraglutide.

S C Bain1, J McKenna

  • 1Institute of Life Sciences, Swansea University, Swansea, UK. s.c.bain@swansea.ac.uk

International Journal of Clinical Practice. Supplement
|October 5, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Liraglutide effectively lowers blood sugar (HbA1c) and promotes weight loss. This review of four cases shows benefits beyond glucose control, with manageable gastrointestinal side effects.

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Liraglutide is a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist used for type 2 diabetes management.
  • Clinical experience with liraglutide provides valuable insights into its efficacy and tolerability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review clinical experience with liraglutide in four patients initiating treatment.
  • To assess liraglutide's impact on glycemic control, weight, and blood pressure.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective case study review of four patients receiving liraglutide.
  • Analysis of glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), weight, blood pressure, and adverse events.

Main Results:

  • Liraglutide treatment led to significant reductions in HbA1c levels.

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  • Patients experienced clinically relevant weight loss (4-10%) and blood pressure reduction.
  • Transient gastrointestinal side effects like nausea were common but generally subsided.
  • No hypoglycemic events were reported.
  • Conclusions:

    • Liraglutide is effective in reducing HbA1c and offers non-glycemic benefits including weight loss and blood pressure reduction.
    • The drug is generally well-tolerated, with transient gastrointestinal issues being the most frequent adverse events.
    • Liraglutide may be a suitable alternative for patients experiencing side effects with other GLP-1 receptor agonists.