New generation of diagnostic tests for infertility: review of specialized semen tests

The initial evaluation of the subfertile male includes a through history and physical examination, semen analyses, and hormonal evaluation. However, a normal spermiogram does not necessarily correlate with fertility potential, because it does not assess sperm function. For this reason, specialized semen tests have been developed to test various aspects of spermatozoal function. This article reviews basic male reproductive physiology, as well as clinically utilized advanced seminal tests, including their methodology and implications for reproductive technology outcomes and fecundity.