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Related Concept Videos

Ferromagnetism01:31

Ferromagnetism

Materials like iron, nickel, and cobalt consist of magnetic domains, within which the magnetic dipoles are arranged parallel to each other. The magnetic dipoles are rigidly aligned in the same direction within a domain by quantum mechanical coupling among the atoms. This coupling is so strong that even thermal agitation at room temperature cannot break it. The result is that each domain has a net dipole moment. However, some materials have weaker coupling, and are ferromagnetic at lower...
Magnetic Susceptibility and Permeability01:31

Magnetic Susceptibility and Permeability

In linear magnetic materials, like paramagnets and diamagnets, magnetization is proportional to the magnetic field intensity. The constant of proportionality, a dimensionless number, is called magnetic susceptibility. The value of the susceptibility depends on the type of material.
When diamagnetic materials are placed under an external magnetic field, the moments opposite to the field are induced. Hence, the susceptibility for diamagnets has a minimal negative value of 10-5–10-6. Since...
Potential Due to a Magnetized Object01:24

Potential Due to a Magnetized Object

Magnetic dipoles in magnetic materials are aligned when placed under an external magnetic field. For paramagnets and ferromagnets, dipole alignment occurs in the direction of the magnetic field. However, the dipoles align opposite to the field in the case of diamagnets. This state of magnetic polarization due to the external field is called magnetization. Magnetization is defined as the dipole moment per unit volume. It plays a similar role to polarization in electrostatics.
The vector...
Magnetism01:30

Magnetism

Magnets are commonly found in everyday objects, such as toys, hangers, elevators, doorbells, and computer devices. Experimentation on these magnets shows that all magnets have two poles: one is labeled north (N) and the other south (S). Magnetic poles repel if they are alike and attract if unlike. Moreover, both poles of a magnet attract unmagnetized pieces of iron.
An individual magnetic pole cannot be isolated. No matter how small, every piece of a magnet contains a north pole and a south...
Diamagnetism01:26

Diamagnetism

Materials consisting of paired electrons have zero net magnetic moments. However, when these materials are placed under an external magnetic field, the moments opposite to the field are induced. Such materials are called diamagnets. Diamagnetism is the response of the diamagnets when placed in an external magnetic field.
Diamagnetism was discovered by Anton Brugmans in 1778 when he observed that bismuth gets repelled by magnetic fields, thus theorizing that diamagnets get repelled by magnets.
Paramagnetism01:30

Paramagnetism

Paramagnets are materials with unpaired electrons that possess a finite magnetic moment. In the absence of a magnetic field, these moments are randomly oriented, and thus the net moment is zero. Under an external field, a torque acting on the moments tends to align them along the field's direction. However, the random thermal motion of electrons produces a torque opposite to the external field and tries to disorient the moments. These two competing effects align only a few moments along the...

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Measuring Magnetically-Tuned Ferroelectric Polarization in Liquid Crystals
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Multiferroic and magnetoelectric materials--novel developments and perspectives.

Wolfgang Kleemann1, Pavel Borisov, Subhankar Bedanta

  • 1Angewandte Physik, Universitat Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany. wolfgang.kleemann@uni-due.de

IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control
|October 5, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Magnetoelectric (ME) materials offer exciting applications. Research explores ME effects in various materials, from single-phase multiferroics to composites, enabling efficient device control and sensing.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Condensed Matter Physics

Background:

  • Magnetoelectric (ME) materials exhibit coupling between electric and magnetic properties, crucial for fundamental science and applications.
  • The linear ME effect is key for spintronic devices, demonstrated in materials like Cr₂O₃.
  • Multiferroic materials, including type-I (BiFeO₃, BiMnO₃) and type-II, show diverse ME coupling mechanisms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and highlight the significance of magnetoelectric materials.
  • To discuss the applications of ME effects in spintronics and sensors.
  • To explore advanced ME phenomena in disordered systems.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on ME materials.
  • Analysis of ME coupling mechanisms in different material classes.
  • Discussion of experimental results and theoretical concepts.

Main Results:

  • Linear ME effect efficiently controls spintronic devices using materials like Cr₂O₃.
  • High ME response achieved in multiphase magnetoelectrics (PZT/FeBSiC) for sensor applications.
  • Type-II multiferroics and disordered systems (ME multiglass) exhibit fundamental and higher-order ME coupling.

Conclusions:

  • Magnetoelectric materials are vital for next-generation electronic devices.
  • Diverse material systems offer tunable ME properties for specific applications.
  • Further research into complex ME phenomena promises novel functionalities.