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Related Concept Videos

Necrosis01:16

Necrosis

Necrosis is considered as an “accidental” or unexpected form of cell death that ends in cell lysis. The first noticeable mention of “necrosis” was in 1859 when Rudolf Virchow used this term to describe advanced tissue breakdown in his compilation titled “Cell Pathology”.
Morphological Manifestations of Necrosis
Necrotic cells show different types of morphological appearance depending on the type of tissue and infection. In coagulative necrosis, cells become anucleated and die, but their...
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Neurogenesis and Regeneration of Nervous Tissue

In the CNS, neurogenesis, the birth of new neurons from stem cells, is limited to the hippocampus in adults. In other regions of the brain and spinal cord, neurogenesis is almost non-existent due to inhibitory influences from neuroglia, especially oligodendrocytes, and the absence of growth-stimulating cues. The myelin produced by oligodendrocytes in the CNS inhibits neuronal regeneration. Furthermore, astrocytes proliferate rapidly after neuronal damage, forming scar tissue that physically...
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Alzheimer Disease ll: Pathophysiology

Alzheimer disease involves structural changes in the brain that begin long before symptoms appear. The most distinctive features are extracellular neuritic plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles.Neuritic plaques form in the cerebral cortex and around blood vessels. These plaques contain a dense core of beta-amyloid (Aβ)—a toxic protein fragment that clumps outside neurons. The core is surrounded by damaged neuronal extensions, as well as reactive astrocytes and microglia. Abnormal...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 8, 2026

Modeling Neuronal Death and Degeneration in Mouse Primary Cerebellar Granule Neurons
10:36

Modeling Neuronal Death and Degeneration in Mouse Primary Cerebellar Granule Neurons

Published on: November 6, 2017

Neuronal death and oxidative stress in the developing brain.

Chrysanthy Ikonomidou1, Angela M Kaindl

  • 1Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin, 600 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53792, USA. ikonomidou@neurology.wisc.edu

Antioxidants & Redox Signaling
|October 6, 2010
PubMed
Summary

The developing brain is highly susceptible to oxidative stress due to its unique metabolic state. This review examines how oxidative stress contributes to infant brain injury and discusses limited neuroprotective strategies.

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Human Neural Organoids for Studying Brain Cancer and Neurodegenerative Diseases
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Human Neural Organoids for Studying Brain Cancer and Neurodegenerative Diseases

Published on: June 28, 2019

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Last Updated: Jun 8, 2026

Modeling Neuronal Death and Degeneration in Mouse Primary Cerebellar Granule Neurons
10:36

Modeling Neuronal Death and Degeneration in Mouse Primary Cerebellar Granule Neurons

Published on: November 6, 2017

Human Neural Organoids for Studying Brain Cancer and Neurodegenerative Diseases
09:36

Human Neural Organoids for Studying Brain Cancer and Neurodegenerative Diseases

Published on: June 28, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • The developing brain possesses unique vulnerabilities to oxidative and reactive nitrogen species-mediated damage.
  • Factors contributing to this vulnerability include high unsaturated fatty acids, high oxygen consumption, low antioxidant levels, pro-oxidant metals, and immature cells.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review dynamic changes in energy resources, metabolic demands, and antioxidant systems during physiological brain development.
  • To discuss the role of oxidative stress in neuronal death following various infant brain insults.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on brain development and oxidative stress.
  • Analysis of physiological changes and responses to injury.

Main Results:

  • The developing brain undergoes significant metabolic and antioxidant system shifts.
  • Oxidative stress is implicated in neuronal damage from hyperoxia, hypoxia/ischemia, drugs, ethanol, and trauma.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding developmental changes in antioxidant defenses is crucial.
  • Current neuroprotective strategies for oxidative stress in the infant brain are limited, necessitating further research.