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Antigen Presenting Cells01:22

Antigen Presenting Cells

The immune system is a complex network of cells and molecules that protects the body from foreign invaders. T cells, a type of white blood cell, play a crucial role in this process. They recognize and attack foreign substances, such as pathogens, that enter the body.
T cells require the help of antigen-presenting cells (APCs), which process foreign antigens into smaller fragments that can be recognized by T cells. These APCs are highly specialized cells that efficiently internalize antigens...
Vaccinations01:51

Vaccinations

Overview
Antigen Processing Pathways01:31

Antigen Processing Pathways

MHC molecules are key players in the immune response, enabling T cells to recognize and respond to specific antigens. They are present on the surface of all nucleated cells in the body and are instrumental in presenting antigens to T cells and activating them. T cells recognize the MHC-antigen complex and initiate an immune response. MHC class I and MHC class II are two main types of MHC molecules, each associated with a distinct antigen processing pathway.
MHC Class I: Presenting Endogenous...
T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...
Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and reactivity.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 8, 2026

Preparation of Tumor Antigen-loaded Mature Dendritic Cells for Immunotherapy
08:40

Preparation of Tumor Antigen-loaded Mature Dendritic Cells for Immunotherapy

Published on: August 1, 2013

Three-day dendritic cells for vaccine development: antigen uptake, processing and presentation.

Maja Bürdek1, Stefani Spranger, Susanne Wilde

  • 1German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Molecular Immunology, Marchioninistr, 25, 81377 München, Germany.

Journal of Translational Medicine
|October 6, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Three-day mature dendritic cells (3d mDC) show enhanced antigen processing and T cell stimulation compared to seven-day mature dendritic cells (7d mDC). Optimized electroporation improves 3d mDC performance for anti-tumor immunotherapy vaccines.

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Chemical Conjugation of a Purified DEC-205-Directed Antibody with Full-Length Protein for Targeting Mouse Dendritic Cells In Vitro and In Vivo

Published on: February 5, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Vaccine Development
  • Cancer Immunotherapy

Background:

  • Dendritic cells (DC) are crucial for priming T cells, making them valuable adjuvants in anti-tumor immunotherapy vaccines.
  • Current protocols for mature DC (mDC) generation vary in maturation cocktails and timelines.
  • Clinical applications benefit from cost-effective, time-efficient mDC production within a standard work week.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the antigen uptake, processing, and presentation capabilities of 3-day mature dendritic cells (3d mDC) with conventional 7-day mature dendritic cells (7d mDC).
  • To evaluate the efficiency of 3d mDC in T cell stimulation using different antigen formats.
  • To optimize electroporation for improved protein expression from in vitro transcribed RNA (ivtRNA) in 3d mDC.

Main Methods:

  • Monocyte-derived dendritic cells were differentiated and matured over 3 days (3d mDC) and 7 days (7d mDC).
  • Antigen uptake, processing, and presentation assays were performed.
  • T cell stimulation assays were conducted using long synthetic peptides and ivtRNA.
  • Electroporation parameters were modified to enhance protein expression from ivtRNA.

Main Results:

  • 3d mDC exhibited reduced spontaneous antigen uptake but enhanced processing of long synthetic peptides for T cell stimulation compared to 7d mDC.
  • Initial attempts showed lower protein expression from ivtRNA in 3d mDC using standard electroporation.
  • Modified electroporation parameters significantly improved protein expression and T cell stimulation capacity using low amounts of ivtRNA.

Conclusions:

  • A 3-day protocol for mature dendritic cell generation is sufficient and effective for DC-based vaccines.
  • Optimized 3d mDC can replace 7d mDC in vaccines utilizing long peptides, proteins, or ivtRNA as antigen sources.
  • This streamlined approach offers a cost-effective and time-efficient method for producing clinical-grade dendritic cells for immunotherapy.