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Esophageal Achalasia

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Esophageal achalasia is a chronic neurogenic disorder characterized by impaired relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) and absent or ineffective peristalsis in the distal esophagus. This leads to a functional obstruction without a physical blockage, despite significant disruption of esophageal motility.EtiologyAchalasia is caused by degeneration of the myenteric (Auerbach's) plexus, specifically the loss of inhibitory ganglion cells that produce vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 8, 2026

Conditional Reprogramming of Pediatric Human Esophageal Epithelial Cells for Use in Tissue Engineering and Disease Investigation

Conditional Reprogramming of Pediatric Human Esophageal Epithelial Cells for Use in Tissue Engineering and Disease Investigation

Published on: March 22, 2017

Esophegeal replacement in children with AIDS.

Jerome A Loveland¹, Claire E Mitchell, Pieter van Wyk

¹Department of Pediatric Surgery, Baragwanath Hospital, University of the Witwatersrand, PO Box 2648, Parklands 2121, South Africa. loveland@wol.co.za

Journal of Pediatric Surgery

|October 6, 2010

Summary

Two human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients with severe esophageal strictures due to candidiasis underwent successful gastric interposition surgery. This surgical approach offers a viable treatment option for refractory cases in immunocompromised individuals.

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Last Updated: Jun 8, 2026

Conditional Reprogramming of Pediatric Human Esophageal Epithelial Cells for Use in Tissue Engineering and Disease Investigation

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Area of Science:

Medicine
Gastroenterology
Infectious Diseases

Background:

Esophageal strictures can be a severe complication of opportunistic infections like candidiasis, particularly in individuals with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
Refractory cases often necessitate aggressive management strategies beyond standard antifungal and anti-reflux therapies.

Observation:

Two HIV-positive patients presented with progressive dysphagia due to esophageal strictures following recent oropharyngeal or esophageal candidiasis.
Both patients failed conservative treatments, including systemic antifungals, proton pump inhibitors, and repeated dilations.

Findings:

Surgical intervention, specifically open transhiatal esophagectomy with gastric interposition, was performed on both patients.
The gastric interposition procedure proved successful in treating the refractory esophageal strictures, with minimal observed morbidity.

Implications:

Gastric interposition is a feasible and effective surgical solution for managing complex esophageal strictures caused by candidiasis in HIV-positive patients.
This case series highlights the importance of considering surgical options when conservative management fails in immunocompromised individuals with severe infectious complications.