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Diabetic Retinopathy

Diabetic Retinopathy

DefinitionDiabetic retinopathy is a microvascular complication of diabetes affecting the retinal blood vessels.Risk FactorsDiabetic retinopathy is present in almost all individuals with type 1 diabetes and more than 60% of those with type 2 diabetes after two decades of disease.The risk increases with poor glycemic control, hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking, pregnancy, and puberty.Although cataracts and glaucoma are also more frequent in people with diabetes, retinopathy remains the leading...

Type II Diabetes Mellitus III: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis

Type II Diabetes Mellitus III: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis

Type 2 diabetes mellitus develops gradually and is often asymptomatic in early stages.Clinical ManifestationsWhen symptoms appear, they include fatigue, blurred vision, pruritus, delayed wound healing, and recurrent infections, particularly candidal infections. Peripheral neuropathy may present as numbness or tingling in the extremities. Classic hyperglycemia symptoms—polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia—are less common. Most patients are overweight and frequently have associated hypertension...

Complications of Diabetes Mellitus

Complications of Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by persistent hyperglycemia due to insulin deficiency, resistance, or both. Prolonged hyperglycemia disrupts metabolic homeostasis and leads to acute and chronic complications.Acute ComplicationsAcute complications result from sudden metabolic imbalance.Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) mainly appears in type 1 diabetes but may also develop in type 2 diabetes, particularly under extreme stress. It arises from severe insulin deficiency,...

Disorders of Hemostasis

Disorders of Hemostasis

Hemostasis, the process that stops bleeding after a blood vessel injury, is crucial for maintaining the integrity of the circulatory system. However, disorders of hemostasis can disrupt this delicate balance, leading to either excessive clotting or bleeding. These disorders can be broadly classified into thromboembolic disorders and bleeding disorders.
Thromboembolic Disorders
Two factors primarily cause thromboembolic conditions.

Diabetes: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Complications

Diabetes: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Complications

For most patients, experiencing several weeks of polyuria, polydipsia, fatigue, and significant weight loss may indicate the presence of diabetes. Furthermore, adults displaying the phenotypic appearance of type 2 diabetes (particularly those who are obese and not initially insulin-requiring), may have islet cell autoantibodies, suggesting autoimmune-mediated β cell destruction and a diagnosis of latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (LADA). The categorization of glucose homeostasis is based on...

Hyperglycemia

Hyperglycemia

Hyperglycemia is an abnormally high blood glucose level. It is diagnosed by fasting glucose ≥126 mg/dL, 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test (or OGTT) ≥200 mg/dL, random glucose ≥200 mg/dL with symptoms, or HbA1c ≥6.5%. However, HbA1c results may be unreliable in certain conditions, such as anemia or hemoglobinopathies, and the diagnosis should be confirmed unless classic symptoms are present. Postprandial hyperglycemia is typically considered significant when glucose levels exceed 180 mg/dL two...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 8, 2026

Experimental and Imaging Techniques for Examining Fibrin Clot Structures in Normal and Diseased States

Experimental and Imaging Techniques for Examining Fibrin Clot Structures in Normal and Diseased States

Published on: April 1, 2015

Platelet abnormalities in diabetes mellitus.

José Luis Ferreiro¹, Joan Antoni Gómez-Hospital, Dominick J Angiolillo

¹IDIBELL-Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Department of Cardiology, Interventional Cardiology Unit, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.

Diabetes & Vascular Disease Research

|October 6, 2010

Summary

Diabetes mellitus (DM) causes platelet hyperreactivity, increasing the risk of dangerous blood clots and atherothrombotic events. Understanding these platelet abnormalities is key to managing cardiovascular complications in diabetic patients.

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Experimental and Imaging Techniques for Examining Fibrin Clot Structures in Normal and Diseased States

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Published on: April 1, 2015

Preparation of Washed Human Platelets for Quantitative Metabolic Flux Studies

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Quantification of Diabetes-induced Adherent Leukocytes in Retinal Vasculature

Quantification of Diabetes-induced Adherent Leukocytes in Retinal Vasculature

Published on: January 24, 2025

Area of Science:

Cardiovascular Medicine
Endocrinology
Hematology

Background:

Diabetes mellitus (DM) significantly accelerates atherosclerosis, the primary driver of atherothrombotic events.
Atherothrombotic complications represent the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with DM.
Platelet hyperreactivity is a key factor in the prothrombotic state characteristic of DM.

Purpose of the Study:

To provide a comprehensive overview of current knowledge regarding platelet abnormalities in patients with DM.
To elucidate the mechanisms underlying platelet dysfunction in the context of diabetes.

Main Methods:

Review of existing literature on platelet function and DM.
Categorization of mechanisms contributing to platelet abnormalities in DM.

Main Results:

Platelets in DM patients exhibit dysregulated signaling pathways, leading to increased adhesion, activation, and aggregation.
Mechanisms include hyperglycemia, insulin deficiency/resistance, associated metabolic conditions, and other cellular abnormalities.
These abnormalities contribute to an accelerated prothrombotic state.

Conclusions:

Platelet dysfunction is a critical component of the pathophysiology of DM-related cardiovascular complications.
Addressing platelet hyperreactivity may offer therapeutic targets for reducing atherothrombotic events in diabetic patients.