Immunohistochemical and Stereologic Analysis of NF-κB Activation in Chronic Periodontitis

Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) is a member of the transcription factor family, and it plays a key role in coordinating the expression of genes in many chronic inflammatory diseases. This study investigated the cytoplasmic and nuclear activation of (NF-κB) and the cytoplasmic expression of inhibitor kappa B (IκB) in gingival tissues of subjects who had chronic periodontitis.

Thirty-five patients were included in this study; 17 patients had chronic periodontitis, and 18 were healthy. Gingival tissues were obtained from each individual and then stained immunohistochemically. The obtained sections were examined under a stereomicroscope, and the numerical density values of the stained cells were computed using the stereologic method. A one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and a multiple range least significant difference (LSD) were used for intergroup comparisons (P=0.05).

According to the immunohistochemical analysis of the cytoplasmic positive cells stained with IκB, statistically significant differences were found between the case and control groups. When comparing the cytoplasmic and nuclear positive immunoreactivity of p50 and p65, statistically significant differences were found between the diseased and control groups. Statistically significant correlations were also found between the clinical periodontal scores and the immunohistochemical results of the diseased subjects.

It was shown that NF-κB was highly activated in subjects who had chronic periodontitis, compared to healthy controls. The findings of this study can be useful in planning new treatment strategies for periodontal diseases. Further investigations are needed to understand more about the signaling mechanisms of inflammatory mediators and their interactions with NF-κB in chronic periodontitis.