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Related Concept Videos

Skeletal Muscle Relaxants: Therapeutic Uses01:31

Skeletal Muscle Relaxants: Therapeutic Uses

Skeletal muscle relaxants are used to relax muscle tone and alleviate painful muscle contractions. However, the choice of skeletal muscle relaxants depends on the duration of the surgical procedure in order to minimize potential side effects. Skeletal muscle relaxants like neuromuscular blocking agents [NMBAs] are commonly employed as adjuvants alongside general anesthetics in clinical settings. NMBAs are also used to maintain controlled ventilation during surgery of the larynx or pharynx as...
Nondepolarizing (Competitive) Neuromuscular Blockers: Pharmacological Actions01:27

Nondepolarizing (Competitive) Neuromuscular Blockers: Pharmacological Actions

Nondepolarizing neuromuscular blockers prevent the membrane depolarization of muscle cells and inhibit muscle contraction. These are usually administered with anesthetics to achieve complete muscle relaxation. Upon administration, these drugs first block the small, rapidly contracting muscles of the face and hands, followed by the larger muscles of the trunk and the intercostal muscles. The diaphragm is the last muscle to be affected.
Although all competitive neuromuscular blockers are designed...
General Anesthesia: Overview01:24

General Anesthesia: Overview

Anesthesia is a medical procedure that uses drugs for CNS suppression to enable painless surgeries and procedures. The selection of anesthetics is influenced by their pharmacokinetic properties, side effects, and patient characteristics. Various types of anesthesia include general, local, regional, spinal, and inhalational.
General anesthesia induces unconsciousness in the whole body, while the others target specific areas or sensations. It is administered to minimize adverse effects, maintain...
Skeletal Muscle Relaxants: Adverse Effects01:21

Skeletal Muscle Relaxants: Adverse Effects

Skeletal muscle relaxants are widely used for muscle paralysis and relieving pain following any muscle injury or stiffness. However, depending on the drug type, they can have adverse effects that range from mild to severe. Usually, nondepolarizing neuromuscular blockers have minimal side effects. For example, drugs like d-tubocurarine, cisatracurium, and rocuronium cause hypotension, whereas drugs like baclofen, when stopped abruptly, can lead to the recurrence of spastic conditions.
Unlike...
Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia01:11

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia

Spinal anesthetics are given during lower abdomen and limb surgeries to block sensory and motor neurons. They are administered in the mid to low lumbar regions, primarily acting on the cauda equina's nerve roots. The blockade level depends on the local anesthetic (LA) concentration. Usually, low LA concentrations are sufficient to block sensory fibers, while only high LA concentrations block motor fibers. Other factors like injection volume and speed, the patient's posture, and the drug...
Classification of Skeletal Muscle Relaxants01:28

Classification of Skeletal Muscle Relaxants

Skeletal muscle relaxants are a group of drugs that can reduce muscle stiffness and induce temporary paralysis to relieve pain. These agents can act centrally to reduce muscle tone or spasms in painful conditions such as multiple sclerosis (MS), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), or spinal injuries; they are called antispasmodics or spasmolytics.
Peripherally acting skeletal muscle relaxants interfere with the neurotransmission at the neuromuscular end plate to induce paralysis during...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 8, 2026

Recording Brain Electromagnetic Activity During the Administration of the Gaseous Anesthetic Agents Xenon and Nitrous Oxide in Healthy Volunteers
14:52

Recording Brain Electromagnetic Activity During the Administration of the Gaseous Anesthetic Agents Xenon and Nitrous Oxide in Healthy Volunteers

Published on: January 13, 2018

[Anesthesia with neuromuscular diseases].

M U Gerbershagen1, F Wappler

  • 1Universitätsklinikum Witten-Herdecke mit Sitz in Köln, Krankenhaus Köln-Merheim, Ostmerheimer Str. 200, 51109 Köln. gerbershagenm@kliniken-koeln.de

Der Anaesthesist
|October 6, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Neuromuscular diseases (NMDs), though individually rare, collectively affect 1 in 1,500 people. Understanding their diverse presentations and comorbidities is crucial for anesthesiologists.

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Anesthesiology

Background:

  • Over 800 distinct neuromuscular diseases (NMDs) identified.
  • Individually rare, NMDs collectively impact 1:1,500 individuals, making them common.
  • NMDs exhibit wide heterogeneity in presentation, progression, and comorbidities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the collective prevalence of NMDs.
  • To emphasize the importance of anesthesiologist awareness regarding NMDs.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on NMDs.
  • Analysis of NMD prevalence data.
  • Discussion of NMD heterogeneity and associated comorbidities.

Main Results:

  • The combined prevalence of NMDs is significant (1:1,500).

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Laminectomy and Spinal Cord Window Implantation in the Mouse
06:59

Laminectomy and Spinal Cord Window Implantation in the Mouse

Published on: October 23, 2019

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 8, 2026

Recording Brain Electromagnetic Activity During the Administration of the Gaseous Anesthetic Agents Xenon and Nitrous Oxide in Healthy Volunteers
14:52

Recording Brain Electromagnetic Activity During the Administration of the Gaseous Anesthetic Agents Xenon and Nitrous Oxide in Healthy Volunteers

Published on: January 13, 2018

Laminectomy and Spinal Cord Window Implantation in the Mouse
06:59

Laminectomy and Spinal Cord Window Implantation in the Mouse

Published on: October 23, 2019

  • NMDs vary greatly in affected muscle groups, disease course, and onset.
  • Associated comorbidities are diverse and impact patient management.

    • Conclusions:

    • Neuromuscular diseases are collectively common despite individual rarity.
    • Anesthesiologists require comprehensive knowledge of NMDs, comorbidities, and anesthetic implications.