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Leishmaniasis

Leishmaniasis

Leishmaniasis is a protozoal disease caused by species of the genus Leishmania and transmitted through the bite of infected female sandflies. The parasite exists in two principal morphological forms during its life cycle. A sandfly acquires intracellular amastigotes from an infected reservoir host, such as a dog. Within the sandfly, these forms differentiate into motile, flagellated promastigotes. During a subsequent blood meal, promastigotes are injected into the human host, where they...

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Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are diseases transmitted primarily through unsafe sexual interactions. Bacteria, viruses, or parasites cause them and can result in severe health complications if untreated.ChlamydiaThe bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis is responsible for the disease Chlamydia, the most common STI in the United States. This peculiar pathogen requires human cells to reproduce, residing intracellularly. The initial infection often goes unnoticed because it typically does not...

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Updated: Jun 8, 2026

In Vivo Infection with Leishmania amazonensis to Evaluate Parasite Virulence in Mice

In Vivo Infection with Leishmania amazonensis to Evaluate Parasite Virulence in Mice

Published on: February 20, 2020

Human immunodeficiency virus and leishmaniasis.

Navid Ezra¹, Maria Teresa Ochoa, Noah Craft

¹Department of Medicine, Division of Dermatology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, USA.

Journal of Global Infectious Diseases

|October 8, 2010

Summary

Leishmaniasis, transmitted by sandflies, affects millions globally. This review examines the immune response in patients co-infected with Leishmania and HIV, crucial for developing new treatments.

Keywords:

AIDS Co-infection HIV Immunology Leishmaniasis

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Last Updated: Jun 8, 2026

In Vivo Infection with Leishmania amazonensis to Evaluate Parasite Virulence in Mice

In Vivo Infection with Leishmania amazonensis to Evaluate Parasite Virulence in Mice

Published on: February 20, 2020

Area of Science:

* Infectious Diseases
* Immunology
* Parasitology

Background:

* Leishmaniases are vector-borne protozoan diseases transmitted by sandflies, causing cutaneous and visceral forms.
* Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) poses a significant global health burden, particularly in East Africa, Brazil, and the Indian subcontinent.
* Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) co-infection complicates Leishmania infections by altering host immune responses.

Purpose of the Study:

* To review the current understanding of the immune response to Leishmania parasites in the context of HIV co-infection.
* To highlight the immunological challenges and alterations in co-infected individuals.
* To inform the development of novel prophylactic and therapeutic strategies.

Main Methods:

* Comprehensive literature review of existing studies on Leishmania-HIV co-infection.
* Analysis of immunological mechanisms involved in the interplay between Leishmania parasites and HIV.
* Synthesis of findings to identify key immune pathways and host-parasite interactions.

Main Results:

* HIV co-infection significantly modulates the immune response to Leishmania, often exacerbating disease severity and progression.
* Specific immune deficits induced by HIV can impair the host's ability to control Leishmania replication.
* The interplay between HIV and Leishmania impacts both innate and adaptive immune responses.

Conclusions:

* Understanding the complex immunology of Leishmania-HIV co-infection is critical for effective disease management.
* Targeting specific immune pathways could lead to improved treatment outcomes for co-infected patients.
* Further research into immunomodulatory strategies is warranted for developing better prophylactic and therapeutic interventions against Leishmaniasis in HIV-positive individuals.